{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:04:34Z","timestamp":1756253074880,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1158460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1158460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genes Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autism affects ~1 in 100 people and arises from the interplay between rare genetic changes and the environment. Diagnosis is based on social and communication difficulties, as well as the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Autism aetiology is complex. However, the social motivation hypothesis proposes that an imbalance in the salience of social over non\u2010social stimuli contributes over time to the autism phenotype. Accordingly, motivational dysfunction in autism is widespread, and human imaging data has identified broad impairments to reward processing. The R451C mutation of the neuroligin\u20103 gene is one such rare genetic change. Knock\u2010in mice harbouring this mutation (NL3) exhibit a range of autism\u2010related phenotypes, including impaired sociability and social motivation. However, no prior report has directly probed non\u2010social motivation. Here, we explore conflicting results from the progressive ratio (PR) and conditioned place preference tasks of non\u2010social motivation. Initial PR results were inconsistent, suggesting reduced, unaltered, and elevated non\u2010social motivation, respectively. Utilising several experimental designs, we probed a range of confounders likely to influence task performance. Overall, reduced PR responding by NL3s likely arose from a combination of their superior ability to withhold responding during prior training and a short PR training schedule. Meanwhile, increased PR responding by NL3s was attributable to their heightened degree of habitual responding. The NL3 mouse model therefore likely best represents autistic individuals with intact non\u2010social motivation but altered behavioural updating. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of using heterogenous experimental designs to probe behavioural phenotypes and offer some general recommendations for PR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T23:39:43Z","timestamp":1755301183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Training Schedule Affects Operant Responding Independent of Motivation in the Neuroligin\u20103 <scp>R451C<\/scp> Mouse Model of Autism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8167-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riki","family":"Dingwall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry &amp; Health Sciences University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson A.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry &amp; Pharmacology University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Hannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne  Parkville, Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry &amp; Health Sciences University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6675-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma L.","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 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