{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:51:44Z","timestamp":1791348704866,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u2010133440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u2010133440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT\u2010180419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT\u2010180419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032490","name":"Freedom Together Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032490","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genes Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Based on post\u2010mortem studies, a long\u2010standing hypothesis on the biological bases of specific reading disabilities (RD) has been that alterations in neuronal migration alter language neural circuits. However, there are questions concerning the original studies (small sample size, comorbidities). Further, this idea has not been strongly supported by current genetic studies. In this study, we test altered neural cell phenotypes using cells derived from two pairs of siblings strongly discordant for reading\u2014probands with severe RD and their strong\u2010reader siblings. We observed significant differences in neurosphere outgrowth between the neural precursor cells (NPCs) from the probands compared to their strong\u2010reader siblings. Transcriptome analyses of adherent NPCs and neurons derived from the NPCs identified genes differentially expressed between the probands and siblings, including genes previously identified in neurodevelopmental disorders. Of note was the overexpression of the hormone\n                    <jats:italic>IGF1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the transcription factor\n                    <jats:italic>OTX2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , responsible for the opening and closing of critical windows in development and predicted to be involved in critical windows for language acquisition. Our results support altered transcriptome and cellular phenotypes in RD neural cells and suggest possible molecular mechanisms underlying the changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:37:23Z","timestamp":1791347843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Cell Models of Specific Reading Disabilities: Identification of Cellular and Transcriptome Alterations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0361-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy L.","family":"Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen G.","family":"Wigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Blokland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9589-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth N.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Guger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen W.","family":"Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Strug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genome Biology Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Statistical Sciences and Computer Science, Faculty of Arts and Science and Division of Biostatistics Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Oefner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salk Institute of Biological Sciences  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Benassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salk Institute of Biological Sciences  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0938-4106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred H.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salk Institute of Biological Sciences  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Marchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1081","article-title":"Incidence of Reading Disability in a Population\u2010Based Birth Cohort, 1976\u20101982, Rochester, Minn","volume":"76","author":"Katusic S. 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