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For this purpose, the isotopic composition of lipids (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>) and bulk organic shell matrix (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>, \u03b4<jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>, \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>) from shells of several thiotrophic, phototrophic, or non\u2010symbiotic bivalves were compared (phototrophic:<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>ragum fragum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>ragum unedo<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ridacna maxima<\/jats:italic>; thiotrophic:<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>odakia tigerina<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>imbria fimbriata<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>nodontia<\/jats:italic>sp.; non\u2010symbiotic:<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>apes dorsatus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>asticardium vertebratum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cutarcopagia<\/jats:italic>sp.). \u2206<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values of bulk organic shell matrices, most likely representing mainly original shell protein\/chitin biomass, were depleted in thio\u2010 and phototrophic bivalves compared to non\u2010symbiotic bivalves. As the bulk organic shell matrix also showed a major depletion of \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N (down to \u20132.2 \u2030) for thiotrophic bivalves, combined \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values are useful to differentiate between thio\u2010, phototrophic, and non\u2010symbiotic lifestyles. However, the use of these isotopic signatures for the study of ancient bivalves is limited by the preservation of the bulk organic shell matrix in fossils. Substantial alteration was clearly shown by detailed microscopic analyses of fossil (late<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>leistocene)<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0maxima<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rachycardium lacunosum<\/jats:italic>shell, demonstrating a severe loss of quantity and quality of bulk organic shell matrix with time. Likewise, the composition and \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010values of lipids from empty shells indicated that a large part of these compounds derived from prokaryotic decomposers. The use of lipids from ancient shells for the reconstruction of the bivalve's life style therefore appears to be restricted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,7]],"date-time":"2014-07-07T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1404709855000},"page":"406-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The isotopic biosignatures of photo\u2010 vs. thiotrophic bivalves: are they preserved in fossil shells?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Dreier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Genetics University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"},{"name":"Courant Research Centre Geobiology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Blumenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Courant Research Centre Geobiology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"},{"name":"Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Courant Research Centre Geobiology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hause\u2010Reitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Courant Research Centre Geobiology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hoppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Genetics University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"},{"name":"Courant Research Centre Geobiology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00922.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428252"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(84)90089-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Unearthing shell beach secrets","volume":"14","author":"Berry PF","year":"1998","journal-title":"Landscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.45.3.1094-1108.1983","article-title":"Diagenesis of metals chemically complexed to bacteria: laboratory formation of metal phosphates, sulfides, and organic condensates in artificial sediments","volume":"45","author":"Beveridge TJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Applied and Environment Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1221270"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.129.3.1183-1191.1977","article-title":"Significance and taxonomic value of iso and anteiso monoenoic fatty acids and branched \u03b2\u2010hydroxy acids in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans","volume":"129","author":"Boon JJ","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(87)90076-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1180\/0026461036760154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0213-8_38"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2009.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry, and autotrophic symbioses","volume":"30","author":"Childress JJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)00374-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biology Symposium: Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment","author":"Conway N","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01344343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0740-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps107169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Paleobiochemistry of molluskan shell proteins","volume":"20","author":"Degens ET","year":"1967","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 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