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Recent modeling implies that Snowball continents never lacked ice\u2010free areas. Wind\u2010blown dust from these areas plus volcanic ash were trapped by snow on ice sheets and sea ice. At a Snowball onset, sea ice was too thin to flow and ablative ice was too cold for dust retention. After a few millenia, sea ice reached 100\u00a0s of meters in thickness and began to flow as a \u2018sea glacier\u2019 toward an equatorial ablation zone. At first, dust advected to the ablative surface was recycled by winds, but as the surface warmed with rising\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , dust aka cryoconite began to accumulate. As a sea glacier has no terminus, cryoconite saturated the surface. It absorbed solar radiation, supported cyanobacterial growth, and sank to an equilibrium depth forming holes and decameter\u2010scale pans of meltwater. As meltwater production rose, drainages developed, connecting pans to moulins, where meltwater was flushed into the subglacial ocean. Flushing cleansed the surface, creating a stabilizing feedback. If the dust flux rose, cryoconite was removed; if the dust flux waned, cryoconite accumulated. In addition to cyanobacteria, modern cryoconite holes are inhabited by green algae, fungi, protists, and certain metazoans. On Snowball Earth, cryoconite pans provided stable interconnected habitats for eukaryotes tolerant of fresh to brackish cold water on an ablation surface 60\u00a0million\u00a0km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    in area. Flushing and burial of organic matter was a potential source of atmospheric oxygen. Dominance of green algae among Ediacaran eukaryotic primary producers is a possible legacy of Cryogenian cryoconite pans, but a schizohaline ocean\u2014supraglacial freshwater and subglacial brine\u2014may have exerted selective stress on early metazoans, or impeded their evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,16]],"date-time":"2016-07-16T00:42:47Z","timestamp":1468629767000},"page":"531-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Cryoconite pans on Snowball Earth: supraglacial oases for Cryogenian eukaryotes?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"P. 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