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Previously, the oldest clearly indigenous biomarkers were reported from the 1.64\u00a0Ga Barney Creek Formation in the northern Australian McArthur Basin. In this study, we present the discovery of biomarker molecules from carbonaceous shales of the 1.73\u00a0Ga Wollogorang Formation in the southern McArthur Basin, extending the biomarker record back in time by ~90 million years. The extracted hydrocarbons illustrate typical mid\u2010Proterozoic signatures with a large unresolved complex mixture, high methyl alkane\/<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2010alkane ratios and the absence of eukaryotic steranes. Acyclic isoprenoids, saturated carotenoid derivatives, bacterial hopanes and aromatic hopanoids and steroids also were below detection limits. However, continuous homologous series of low molecular weight C<jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\u2013C<jats:sub>19<\/jats:sub> 2,3,4\u2010 and 2,3,6\u2010trimethyl aryl isoprenoids (AI) were identified, and C<jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub>\u2013C<jats:sub>22<\/jats:sub> AI homologues were tentatively identified. Based on elevated abundances relative to abiogenic isomers, we interpret the 2,3,6\u2010AI isomer series as biogenic molecules and the 2,3,4\u2010AI series as possibly biogenic. The biological sources for the 2,3,6\u2010AI series include carotenoids of cyanobacteria and\/or green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae). The lower concentrated 2,3,4\u2010AI series may be derived from purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatiaceae). These degradation products of carotenoids are the oldest known clearly indigenous molecules of likely biogenic origin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T16:14:43Z","timestamp":1585239283000},"page":"544-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Discovery of the oldest known biomarkers provides evidence for phototrophic bacteria in the 1.73\u00a0Ga Wollogorang Formation, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Vinnichenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1486-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber J. 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