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Yet in oxic environments, iron is highly insoluble, rendering it, in principle, unavailable as a nutrient for biological growth. Life has \u201csolved\u201d this problem via the invention of iron chelates, known as siderophores, that keep iron available for microbial productivity. In this work, we examined the impact of siderophore synthesis on the speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of iron from rock\u2010forming silicate minerals\u2014shedding new light on the mechanisms by which microbes use mineral substrates to support primary productivity, as well as the consequent effects on silicate dissolution. Growth experiments were performed with\n                    <jats:italic>Shewanella oneidensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    MR\u20101 in an oxic, iron\u2010depleted minimal medium, amended with olivine minerals as the sole source of iron. Experiments included the wild\u2010type strain MR\u20101, and a siderophore synthesis gene deletion mutant strain (\u0394MR\u20101). Relative to MR\u20101, \u0394MR\u20101 exhibited a very pronounced growth penalty and an extended lag phase. However, substantial growth of \u0394MR\u20101, comparable to MR\u20101 growth, was observed when the mutant strain was provided with siderophores in the form of either filtrate from a well\u2010grown MR\u20101 culture, or commercially available deferoxamine. These observations suggest that siderophores are critical for\n                    <jats:italic>S. oneidensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to acquire iron from olivine. Growth\u2010limiting concentrations of deferoxamine amendments were observed to be \u22645\u201310\u00a0\u00b5M, concentrations significantly lower than previously recorded as necessary to impact mineral dissolution rates. X\u2010ray photoelectric spectroscopy analyses of the incubated olivine surfaces suggest that siderophores deplete mineral surface layers of ferric iron. Combined, these results demonstrate that low micromolar concentrations of siderophores can effectively mobilize iron bound within silicate minerals, supporting very significant biological growth in limiting environments. The specific mechanism would involve siderophores removing a protective layer of nanometer\u2010thick iron oxides, enhancing silicate dissolution and nutrient bioavailability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T09:22:02Z","timestamp":1623230522000},"page":"618-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Silicate minerals as a direct source of limiting nutrients: Siderophore synthesis and uptake promote ferric iron bioavailability from olivine and microbial growth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Van Den Berghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Earth\u2010Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Nealson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Joshua","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-011-9491-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-011-9495-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905512106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511794827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450903263376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.6.1249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195173338.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608594113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2004.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2007.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00509-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(02)00421-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(01)00780-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2011.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02349-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es102922j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450590945870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am-1998-11-1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mt00230f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03066-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.13.3.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"An experimental study of fungal olivine weathering","author":"Gerrits R.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007616614172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604517103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201700126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2019.100591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02322-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9385-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010963108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.61.080706.093257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/08.2009.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4448-4453.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450050192965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(96)00038-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b906679a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(86)90311-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105959"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S086959111502006X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.3.1214-1221.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","volume-title":"High temperature oxidation experiments of olivine with implications for mantle magnetism (B.Sc. 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