{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:50:04Z","timestamp":1791003004830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR\u20101855092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR\u20101855092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR\u20102029521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR\u20102029521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007183","name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010AC02\u201076SF00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010AC02\u201076SF00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM133894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM133894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vase\u2010shaped microfossils (VSMs) are found globally in middle Neoproterozoic (800\u2013730\u2009Ma) marine strata and represent the earliest evidence for testate (shell\u2010forming) amoebozoans. VSM tests are hypothesized to have been originally organic in life but are most commonly preserved as secondary mineralized casts and molds. A few reports, however, suggest possible organic preservation. Here, we test the hypothesis that VSMs from shales of the lower Walcott Member of the Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona, contain original organic material, as reported by B. Bloeser in her pioneering studies of Chuar VSMs. We identified VSMs from two thin section samples of Walcott Member black shales in transmitted light microscopy and used scanning electron microscopy to image VSMs. Carbonaceous material is found within the internal cavity of all VSM tests from both samples and is interpreted as bitumen mobilized from Walcott shales likely during the Cretaceous. Energy dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (WDS) reveal that VSM test walls contain mostly carbon, iron, and sulfur, while silica is present only in the surrounding matrix. Raman spectroscopy was used to compare the thermal maturity of carbonaceous material within the samples and indicated the presence of pyrite and jarosite within fossil material. X\u2010ray absorption spectroscopy revealed the presence of reduced organic sulfur species within the carbonaceous test walls, the carbonaceous material found within test cavities, and in the sedimentary matrix, suggesting that organic matter sulfurization occurred within the Walcott shales. Our suite of spectroscopic analyses reveals that Walcott VSM test walls are organic and sometimes secondarily pyritized (with the pyrite variably oxidized to jarosite). Both preservation modes can occur at a millimeter spatial scale within sample material, and at times even within a single specimen. We propose that sulfurization within the Walcott Shales promoted organic preservation, and furthermore, the ratio of iron to labile VSM organic material controlled the extent of pyrite replacement. Based on our evidence, we conclude that the VSMs are preserved with original organic test material, and speculate that organic VSMs may often go unrecognized, given their light\u2010colored, translucent appearance in transmitted light.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T11:36:57Z","timestamp":1674041817000},"page":"290-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Organic preservation of vase\u2010shaped microfossils from the late Tonian Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona, <scp>USA<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6121-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Tingle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susannah M.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan R.","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Czaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel M.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource Stanford University  Menlo Park California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Bloeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2004.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2020.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G39941.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G39941.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201064990\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.268.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091\u20107613(1980)8<70:CMIALP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"741","article-title":"Melanocyrillium, a new genus of structurally complex late Proterozoic microfossils from the Kwagunt Formation (Chuar Group), Grand Canyon, Arizona","volume":"59","author":"Bloeser B.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.195.4279.676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/320160a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.42.5.1563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/gsrmg.43.1.607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G30723.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe9487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G31648.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/11\u2010138.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0037\u20100738(01)00087\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B31532.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.588310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B32012.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Microfossils in the \"Eopaleozoic\" Jacadigo Group at Urucum, Mato Grosso, Southwest Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Fairchild T. R.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Boletim IG (Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Geociencias)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016\u20107606(1973)84<1243:LPCGGC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Taphonomy of the Ordovician Soom Shale Lagerst\u00e4tte: An example of soft tissue preservation in clay minerals","volume":"41","author":"Gabbott S. E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111784109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146\u20106380(98)00171\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022336000030109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301\u20109268(93)90116\u2010J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Possible eukaryotic algal filaments from the late Proterozoic Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona","volume":"57","author":"Horodyski R. J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2010.10.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"The search for a source rock for the giant tar sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah","volume":"83","author":"Huntoon J. E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287\u201034\u20102\u2010195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561\u2010018\u20100131\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091\u20107613(2000)28<619:CGOTGC>2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"Microbiotas of the late Precambrian Ryss\u00f6 formation, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard","volume":"26","author":"Knoll A. H.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022336000030663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Haxo\u0434\u043aa \u043fpo\u0431\u043be\u043ca\u0442\u0438\u0447ec\u043a\u0438x op\u0433a\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043co\u0432 \u0432 o\u0442\u043bo\u0436e\u043d\u0438\u044fx \u0427a\u0442\u043aapa\u0433a\u0439c\u043aoa c\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b (Ta\u043bacc\u043a\u0438\u0439 xpe\u0431e\u0442) (finding of problematic organisms in sediments of Chatkaragai suite (Talas ridge))","volume":"632","author":"Kraskov L. N.","year":"1985","journal-title":"A\u043aa\u0434e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043day\u043a CCCP, Tpy\u0434\u044b (USSR Academy of Sciences, Proceedings)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Hydrocarbon source rocks in unconventional plays, Rocky Mountain Region","author":"Lillis P. G.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/002919600433751"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2020.105899"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G22526.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","first-page":"827","volume-title":"Illustrated guide to the protozoa","author":"Meisterfeld R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G33492.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jpa.2017.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2021.106470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jpa.2019.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G45271.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222938400770291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.1988.tb04147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010022\u201000424\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5380.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094\u20108373(2000)026<0360:TAITNE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0022\u20103360(2003)077<0409:VMFTNC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jpa.2016.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G46346.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2020.2376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201005943\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2017.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B31768.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Precambrian and Cambrian cherts in northwestern Tasmania","volume":"14","author":"Saito Y.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bulletin of the National Science Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4080.1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/09\u2010133.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067318708078398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146\u20106380(90)90145\u2010P"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G35736.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(88)90031\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016\u20107606(2001)113<0163:PMCAGE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B25538.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016\u20107606(1951)62[953:NGOTGC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34194\/bullggu.v134.6676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-9268(85)90038-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/GSAB\u201010\u2010199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116101119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb S. M.(2005).SIXpack: A graphical user interface for XAS analysis using IFEFFIT. InAIP919conference proceedings. 1011.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3625338","DOI":"10.1238\/Physica.Topical.115a01011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb S. M. McNulty I. Eyberger C. &Lai B.(2011).The MicroAnalysis toolkit: X\u2010ray fluorescence image processing software. In10th International conference on X\u2010ray microscopy(pp. 196\u2013199).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1238\/Physica.Topical.115a01011","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3625338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2003.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0\u20108137\u20102379\u20105.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2008.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba6883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G48116.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12378"}],"container-title":["Geobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gbi.12544","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gbi.12544","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gbi.12544","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gbi.12544","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:18:35Z","timestamp":1692577115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gbi.12544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gbi.12544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gbi.12544","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-4677","1472-4669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-4677","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}