{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:24:30Z","timestamp":1753878270512,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/10949\u20104","2019\/12132\u20105","and","2015\/16235\u20102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/10949\u20104","2019\/12132\u20105","and","2015\/16235\u20102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Banded iron formations (BIFs) are chemical sedimentary rocks commonly utilized for exploring the chemistry and redox state of the Precambrian ocean. Despite their significance, many aspects regarding the crystallization pathways of iron oxides in BIFs remain loosely constrained. In this study, we combine magnetic properties characterization with high\u2010resolution optical and electron imaging of finely laminated BIFs from the 2.7\u2009Ga Caraj\u00e1s Formation, Brazil, to investigate their nature and potential for preserving ancient environmental conditions. Our findings reveal that magnetite, in the form of large 0.1\u20130.5\u2009mm crystals, is the main iron oxide, with an overall averaged saturation magnetization (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>) of 25 Am<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/kg (corresponding to ~27\u2009wt% of magnetite) over the studied 230\u2009m of the sequence. Nevertheless, the non\u2010negligible contribution of minerals with higher coercivity suggests variable proportions of hematite along the core. Additionally, we observe non\u2010uniform behavior in magnetite grains, with distinct populations identified through low\u2010temperature measurements of the Verwey transition. Petrographic observations indicate that the original sediment was an Fe\u2013Si mud consisting of a ferrihydrite\u2013silica mixture formed in the water column. This assemblage was rapidly transformed into nano\u2010scale hematite embedded in silica as indicated by a honeycomb structure composed of Si\u2010spherules distributed in a microscale hematite matrix. Textural relationships show that the nucleation of magnetite started during or soon after the formation of hematite, as indicated by the preservation of the Si\u2010spherules within magnetite cores. Further magnetite overgrowth stages are characterized by inclusion\u2010free rims, associated with continuous Si supply during the evolving diagenetic or early metamorphic stages. These findings, combined with existing literature, suggest that ferrihydrite precipitated alongside Si and organic material, later crystallizing as hematite on the seafloor. Anaerobic respiration by Fe(III)\u2010reducing microorganisms likely contributed to early magnetite formation in a fluid\u2010saturated, unconsolidated sediment. Subsequent low\u2010grade metamorphism and Si mobilization led to palisade quartz precipitation and a second stage of magnetite growth likely formed at the expense of matrix hematite through thermochemical Fe(III) reduction. Low\u2010temperature magnetic analyses revealed that the two generations of magnetite core and rim are associated with specific stoichiometry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.70008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T05:49:28Z","timestamp":1734068968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Crystallization Pathways of Iron Formations: Insights From Magnetic Properties and High\u2010Resolution Imaging of the 2.7\u2009Ga Caraj\u00e1s Formation, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3144-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geof\u00edsica, Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS UMR\u20107154  Paris France"},{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Montpellier CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4493-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Carlut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS UMR\u20107154  Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Siciliano","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo I.F.","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geof\u00edsica, Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Philippot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Montpellier CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5435.1889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(02)00390-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Origin and Paleoenvironmental Significance of Major Iron Formations at the Archean\u2010Paleoproterozoic Boundary","volume":"15","author":"Beukes N. J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reviews in Economic Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB03068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/303163a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2013.08.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/276807a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2015.00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.68.7.1135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0505346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4669.2007.00103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(77)90108-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1989.tb02012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000486"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119990"},{"volume-title":"Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics","year":"2003","author":"Evans M.","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2011.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"An Iron Shuttle for Deepwater Silica in Late Archean and Early Paleoproterozoic Iron Formation","volume":"121","author":"Fischer W. W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25249\/0375-7536.1986201211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.02.015"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Barite, BIFs and Bugs: Evidence for the Evolution of the Earth's Early Hydrosphere","volume":"220","author":"Huston D. L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G20184.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggaa516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2004.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2020.103750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G21658.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2005.1871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"643","article-title":"Petrography and Geochemistry of the Least Altered Banded Iron\u2010Formation of the Archean Caraj\u00e1s Formation, Northern Brazil","volume":"97","author":"Klein C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Economic Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9201(01)00271-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2770"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2002)030<1079:CBHFTP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4669.2005.00055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.01880.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652007000100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25249\/0375-7536.20013112128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggz022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2010.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GC001717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.51.4.683-689.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/330252a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"Macambira J. B.2003.\u201cO Ambiente Deposicional da Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Caraj\u00e1s e Uma Proposta de Modelo Evolutivo Para a Bacia Gr\u00e3o Par\u00e1.\u201dUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Ph.D. Thesis 217p."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25249\/0375-7536.2002324567578"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-9268(91)90040-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2021.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2017.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8468-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2013.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B30944.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2021.103613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/174327506X138986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2023.104574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2022.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-9268(94)90083-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352891"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2022.106922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/econgeo.108.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9201(01)00288-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B31122.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4669.2010.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520946378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2017.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.66.7.985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0952.2001.00869.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B31339.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"The Significance of Iron\u2010Formation in the Precambrian Stratigraphic Record","volume":"33","author":"Trendall A. F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Association of Sedimentologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-9811(98)00015-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-9268(03)00103-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7185\/geochemlet.2339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450252864271"}],"container-title":["Geobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gbi.70008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T14:47:18Z","timestamp":1734965238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gbi.70008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gbi.70008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gbi.70008","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-4677","1472-4669"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1472-4677"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-4669"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70008"}}