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During the Oligocene, convergence between Africa and Europe led to the opening of the Western Mediterranean Basin, a deep\u2010ocean system characterized by fluid venting, oxygen depletion, and the absence of benthic fauna. In this extreme, inhospitable seafloor environment, fusiform objects known as\n                    <jats:italic>Tubotomaculum<\/jats:italic>\n                    formed, whose origin has long remained controversial. We show that these enigmatic mineralizations consist of nanosized, poorly crystalline, phosphorus\u2010rich Mn\u2010Fe compounds produced through microbial mediation. They preserve carbonaceous material together with morphological, chemical, and mineralogical biosignatures, including high Mn oxidation state (3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15), cell envelopes, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), cell\u2010EPS partitioning of redox\u2010sensitive Mn and Fe, cluster\u2010assembled microbial cells, microbialite\u2010like and branching structures, and channel networks for nutrient transport. Geochemical signatures indicate precipitation under suboxic to anoxic, non\u2010sulfidic (post\u2010oxic) conditions from mixed seawater\u2013hydrothermal fluids, with exposure on the seafloor prior to burial. The fusiform architecture of these self\u2010organized microbial populations suggests shaping by nutrient\u2010rich bottom currents associated with venting activity. This study provides a detailed glimpse into initial benthic colonization of the nascent Western Mediterranean Basin and establishes\n                    <jats:italic>Tubotomaculum<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a model for investigating biomineralization and microbial adaptation in extreme environments, with implications for the search for life beyond Earth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.70031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T08:22:32Z","timestamp":1757406152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The\n                    <i>Tubotomaculum<\/i>\n                    Enigma and the Rise of Benthic Life During the Opening of the Western Mediterranean 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