{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:03:19Z","timestamp":1784545399184,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]],"date-time":"2013-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An elevated atmospheric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> concentration ([<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>]) can reduce stomatal conductance of leaves for most plant species, including rice (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>ryza sativa<\/jats:italic> L.). However, few studies have quantified seasonal changes in the effects of elevated [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>] on canopy evapotranspiration, which integrates the response of stomatal conductance of individual leaves with other responses, such as leaf area expansion, changes in leaf surface temperature, and changes in developmental stages, in field conditions. We conducted a field experiment to measure seasonal changes in stomatal conductance of the uppermost leaves and in the evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation rates using a lysimeter method. The study was conducted for flooded rice under open\u2010air <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> elevation. Stomatal conductance decreased by 27% under elevated [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>], averaged throughout the growing season, and evapotranspiration decreased by an average of 5% during the same period. The decrease in daily evapotranspiration caused by elevated [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>] was more significantly correlated with air temperature and leaf area index (LAI) rather than with other parameters of solar radiation, days after transplanting, vapor\u2010pressure deficit and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAO<\/jats:styled-content> reference evapotranspiration. This indicates that higher air temperatures, within the range from 16 to 27\u00a0\u00b0C, and a larger LAI, within the range from 0 to 4\u00a0m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, can increase the magnitude of the decrease in evapotranspiration rate caused by elevated [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>]. The crop coefficient (i.e. the evapotranspiration rate divided by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAO<\/jats:styled-content> reference evapotranspiration rate) was 1.24 at ambient [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>] and 1.17 at elevated [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>]. This study provides the first direct measurement of the effects of elevated [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>] on rice canopy evapotranspiration under open\u2010air conditions using the lysimeter method, and the results will improve future predictions of water use in rice fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]],"date-time":"2013-04-05T20:12:46Z","timestamp":1365192766000},"page":"2444-2453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Lower responsiveness of canopy evapotranspiration rate than of leaf stomatal conductance to open\u2010air <scp><scp>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp><\/scp> elevation in rice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Shimono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Research Team National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region Iwate University Shimokuriyagawa Iwate 020\u20100198 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Research Team National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region Iwate University Shimokuriyagawa Iwate 020\u20100198 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agro\u2010Meteorology Division National Institute for Agro\u2010Environmental Sciences 3\u20101\u20103 Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20108604 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masumi","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Research Team National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region Iwate University Shimokuriyagawa Iwate 020\u20100198 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Crop Evapotranspiration \u2010 Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements \u2010 FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56","author":"Allen RG","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00943.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2480\/agrmet.48.575"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1990.00021962008200040034x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1997.00061.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2006.01581.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.089557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.00314.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-003-1401-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1990.00021962008200030039x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2001.00184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"FAO(2012)FAOSTAT. 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