{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:58:21Z","timestamp":1772798301344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Damaging effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVB<\/jats:styled-content> in conjunction with other stressors associated with global change are well\u2010established, with many studies focused on vulnerable early life stages and immediate effects (e.g., mortality, developmental abnormalities). However, for organisms with complex life cycles, experiences at one life stage can have carry\u2010over effects on later life stages, such that sublethal effects may mediate later vulnerability to further stress. Here, we exposed embryos in benthic egg masses of the New Zealand intertidal gastropod <jats:italic>Siphonaria australis<\/jats:italic> to treatments of either periodic stress (e.g., elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVB<\/jats:styled-content>, salinity, and water temperature mimicking tidepool conditions in which egg masses are commonly found during summer) or control conditions (low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVB<\/jats:styled-content>, ambient salinity, and water temperatures). Although there was high mortality from stressed egg masses, 24% of larvae hatched successfully. We then exposed the hatching larvae from both egg mass treatments to different combinations of water temperature (15 or 20\u00a0\u00b0C) and light (high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVB<\/jats:styled-content> or shade) 12\u00a0h per day for 10\u00a0days. The most stressful larval conditions of 20\u00a0\u00b0C\/high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVB<\/jats:styled-content> resulted in low survival and stunted growth. Carry\u2010over effects on survival were apparent for shaded larvae exposed to elevated temperature, where those from stressed egg masses had 1.8\u00d7 higher mortality than those from control egg masses. Shaded larvae were also larger and had longer velar cilia if they were from control egg masses, independent of larval temperature. These results demonstrate that previous experience of environmental stress can influence vulnerability of later life stages to further stress, and that focus on a single life stage will underestimate cumulative effects of agents of global change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,21]],"date-time":"2013-11-21T07:08:09Z","timestamp":1385017689000},"page":"2108-2116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Carry\u2010over effects of multiple stressors on benthic embryos are mediated by larval exposure to elevated <scp>UVB<\/scp> and temperature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jeannine","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Coastal Ecology Laboratory (VUCEL) Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Coastal Ecology Laboratory (VUCEL) Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.00966.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-001-0843-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.265.5168.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of ocean warming and ocean acidification on marine invertebrate life history stages: vulnerabilities and potential for persistence in a changing ocean","volume":"49","author":"Byrne M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann 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