{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:17:46Z","timestamp":1782166666062,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global maize production alters an enormous soil organic C (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOC<\/jats:styled-content>) stock, ultimately affecting greenhouse gas concentrations and the capacity of agroecosystems to buffer climate variability. Inorganic N fertilizer is perhaps the most important factor affecting<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOC<\/jats:styled-content>within maize\u2010based systems due to its effects on crop residue production and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOC<\/jats:styled-content>mineralization. Using a continuous maize cropping system with a 13 year N fertilizer gradient (0\u2013269\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) that created a large range in crop residue inputs (3.60\u20139.94 Mg\u00a0dry matter ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), we provide the first agronomic assessment of long\u2010term N fertilizer effects on<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOC<\/jats:styled-content>with direct reference to N rates that are empirically determined to be insufficient, optimum, and excessive. Across the N fertilizer gradient,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOC<\/jats:styled-content>in physico\u2010chemically protected pools was not affected by N fertilizer rate or residue inputs. However, unprotected particulate organic matter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>) fractions increased with residue inputs. Although N fertilizer was negatively linearly correlated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>C\/N ratios, the slope of this relationship decreased from the least decomposed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>pools (coarse<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>) to the most decomposed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>pools (fine intra\u2010aggregate<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>). Moreover, C\/N ratios of protected pools did not vary across N rates, suggesting little effect of N fertilizer on soil organic matter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM<\/jats:styled-content>) after decomposition of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POM<\/jats:styled-content>. Comparing a N rate within 4% of agronomic optimum (208\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and an excessive N rate (269\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), there were no differences between<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOC<\/jats:styled-content>amount,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM<\/jats:styled-content>C\/N ratios, or microbial biomass and composition. These data suggest that excessive N fertilizer had little effect on<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM<\/jats:styled-content>and they complement agronomic assessments of environmental N losses, that demonstrate N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>emissions exponentially increase when agronomic optimum N is surpassed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,7]],"date-time":"2014-01-07T08:10:25Z","timestamp":1389082225000},"page":"1339-1350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["A long\u2010term nitrogen fertilizer gradient has little effect on soil organic matter in a high\u2010intensity maize production system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kimberly H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhae A.","family":"Drijber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln Lincoln NE 68583 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten S.","family":"Hofmockel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Jeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln Lincoln NE 68583 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00105.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"A family of models involving intersecting straight lines and concomitant experimental designs useful in evaluating response to fertilizer nutrients","volume":"31","author":"Anderson RL","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2005.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.5952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01063289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-011-9501-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01861.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2008.0204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2009.01217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2007.0251"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1997.03615995006100010020x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agroecosystems","author":"Huggins DR","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1998.03615995006200010026x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1996.03615995006000030017x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"JeskeES(2012)Soil microbial community response to maize grown for high yield in rotation with soybeans. 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