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Improving our understanding of the heat requirement for spring phenology is thus urgently needed. In this study, we estimated the species\u2010specific heat requirement for leaf flushing of 13 temperate woody species using long\u2010term phenological observations from Europe and North America. The species were defined as early and late flushing species according to the mean date of leaf flushing across all sites. Partial correlation analyses were applied to determine the temporal correlations between heat requirement and chilling accumulation, precipitation and insolation sum during dormancy. We found that the heat requirement for leaf flushing increased by almost 50% over the study period 1980\u20132012, with an average of 30 heat units per decade. This temporal increase in heat requirement was observed in all species, but was much larger for late than for early flushing species. Consistent with previous studies, we found that the heat requirement negatively correlates with chilling accumulation. Interestingly, after removing the variation induced by chilling accumulation, a predominantly positive partial correlation exists between heat requirement and precipitation sum, and a predominantly negative correlation between heat requirement and insolation sum. This suggests that besides the well\u2010known effect of chilling, the heat requirement for leaf flushing is also influenced by precipitation and insolation sum during dormancy. However, we hypothesize that the observed precipitation and insolation effects might be artefacts attributable to the inappropriate use of air temperature in the heat requirement quantification. Rather than air temperature, meristem temperature is probably the prominent driver of the leaf flushing process, but these data are not available. Further experimental research is thus needed to verify whether insolation and precipitation sums directly affect the heat requirement for leaf flushing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,10]],"date-time":"2015-01-10T14:37:15Z","timestamp":1420900635000},"page":"2687-2697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Increased heat requirement for leaf flushing in temperate woody species over 1980\u20132012: effects of chilling, precipitation and insolation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yongshuo H.","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Yiheyuan Road 5 100871 Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology) University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B\u20102610 Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilong","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Yiheyuan Road 5 100871 Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Vitasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography University of Neuchatel Neuchatel Switzerland"},{"name":"Snow and Landscape Research WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Neuchatel Switzerland"},{"name":"Group Mountain Ecosystems WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Yiheyuan Road 5 100871 Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J.","family":"De Boeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology) University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B\u20102610 Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Yiheyuan Road 5 100871 Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Yiheyuan Road 5 100871 Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck 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