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Such physical changes have implications for diverse life\u2010history traits in taxa across entire lake food webs. Here, we use a five\u2010decade time series from an Alaskan lake to explore effects of climate change on growth and reproduction of a widely distributed lacustrine fish, the three\u2010spine stickleback (<jats:italic>Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>). We used multivariate autoregressive state\u2010space (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MARSS<\/jats:styled-content>) models to describe trends in the mean length for multiple size classes and to explore the influence of physical (date of ice breakup, surface water temperature) and biological (density of con\u2010 and heterospecifics) factors. As predicted, mean size of age 1 and older fish at the end of the growing season increased across years with earlier ice breakup and warmer temperatures. In contrast, mean size of age 0 fish<jats:italic>decreased<\/jats:italic>over time. Overall, lower fish density and warmer water temperatures were associated with larger size for all cohorts. Earlier ice breakup was associated with<jats:italic>larger<\/jats:italic>size for age 1 and older fish but, paradoxically, with<jats:italic>smaller<\/jats:italic>size of age 0 fish. To explore this latter result, we used mixing models on age 0 size distributions, which revealed an additional cohort in years with early ice breakup, lowering the mean size of age 0 fish. Moreover, early ice breakup was associated with earlier breeding, evidenced by earlier capture of age 0 fish. Our results suggest that early ice breakup altered both<jats:italic>timing<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>frequency<\/jats:italic>of breeding; three\u2010spine stickleback spawned earlier and more often in response to earlier ice breakup date. While previous studies have shown the influence of changing conditions in northern lakes on breeding timing and growth, this is the first to document increased breeding frequency, highlighting another pathway by which climate change can alter the ecology of northern lakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T10:50:24Z","timestamp":1480503024000},"page":"2308-2320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Climate change alters the reproductive phenology and investment of a lacustrine fish, the three\u2010spine stickleback"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Hovel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Box\u00a0355020 Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3055-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy &amp; Management University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Box\u00a0355020 Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"AbreyCA(2005)Variation in the early life history of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): emergence timing an ontogenetic shift and population productivity. 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