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The theoretical underpinning for fish shrinking is that the oxygen supply to large fish size cannot be met by their gills, whose surface area cannot keep up with the oxygen demand by their three\u2010dimensional bodies. However, Lefevre et\u00a0al. (<jats:italic>Global Change Biology<\/jats:italic>, 2017, 23, 3449\u20133459) argue against such theory. Here, we re\u2010assert, with the Gill\u2010Oxygen Limitation Theory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GOLT<\/jats:styled-content>), that gills, which must retain the properties of open surfaces because their growth, even while hyperallometric, cannot keep up with the demand of growing three\u2010dimensional bodies. Also, we show that a wide range of biological features of fish and other water\u2010breathing organisms can be understood when gill area limitation is used as an explanation. We also note that an alternative to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GOLT<\/jats:styled-content>, offering a more parsimonious explanation for these features of water\u2010breathers has not been proposed. Available empirical evidence corroborates predictions of decrease in body sizes under ocean warming based on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GOLT<\/jats:styled-content>, with the magnitude of the predicted change increases when using more species\u2010specific parameter values of metabolic scaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T05:37:33Z","timestamp":1503293853000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Sound physiological knowledge and principles in modeling shrinking of fishes under climate change"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pauly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries the University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9998-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William W. 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