{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:13:49Z","timestamp":1791656029264,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC\u20102013\u2010SyG\u2010610028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC\u20102013\u2010SyG\u2010610028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007660","name":"Universiteit Antwerpen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leaf phenology is one of the most reliable bioindicators of ongoing global warming in temperate and boreal zones because it is highly sensitive to temperature variation. A large number of studies have reported advanced spring leaf\u2010out due to global warming, yet the temperature sensitivity of leaf\u2010out has significantly decreased in temperate deciduous tree species over the past three decades. One of the possible mechanisms is that photoperiod is limiting further advance to protect the leaves against potential damaging frosts. However, the \u201cphotoperiod limitation\u201d hypothesis remains poorly investigated and experimentally tested. Here, we conducted a photoperiod\u2010 and temperature\u2010manipulation experiment in climate chambers on two common deciduous species in Europe: <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic> (European beech, a typically late flushing species) and <jats:italic>Aesculus hippocastanum<\/jats:italic> (horse chestnut, a typically early flushing species). In agreement with previous studies, we found that the warming significantly advanced the leaf\u2010out dates by 4.3 and 3.7\u00a0days\/\u00b0C for beech and horse chestnut saplings, respectively. However, shorter photoperiod significantly reduced the temperature sensitivity of beech only (3.0\u00a0days\/\u00b0C) by substantially increasing the heat requirement to avoid leafing\u2010out too early. Interestingly, the photoperiod limitation only occurs below a certain daylength (photoperiod threshold) when the warming increased above 4\u00b0C for beech trees. In contrast, for chestnut, no photoperiod threshold was found even when the ambient air temperature was warmed by 5\u00b0C. Given the species\u2010specific photoperiod effect on leaf phenology, the sequence of the leaf\u2010out timing among forest tree species may change under future climate warming conditions. Nonphotoperiodic species may benefit from warmer springs by starting the growing season earlier than photoperiodic sensitive species, modifying forest ecosystem structure and functions, but this photoperiod limitation needs to be further investigated experimentally in numerous specie<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T13:11:02Z","timestamp":1550581862000},"page":"1696-1703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Short photoperiod reduces the temperature sensitivity of leaf\u2010out in saplings of <i>Fagus sylvatica<\/i> but not in horse chestnut"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongshuo H.","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilong","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino\u2010French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuancheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanghua","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7454-505X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Vitasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland"},{"name":"SwissForestLab Birmensdorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan A.","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen D. 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