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Therefore, for 1951\u20132018 in a corresponding data set, we determined changes as linear trends and analysed their variation by plant traits\/groups, across season and time as well as their attribution to warming following IPCC methodology. Although spring and summer phases in wild plants advanced less (maximum advances in 1978\u20132007), more (~90%) and more significant (~60%) negative trends were present, being stronger in early spring, at higher elevations, but smaller for nonwoody insect\u2010pollinated species. These trends were strongly attributable to winter and spring warming. Findings for crop spring phases were similar, but were less pronounced. There were clearer and attributable signs for a delayed senescence in response to winter and spring warming. These changes resulted in a longer growing season, but a constant generative period in wild plants and a shortened one in agricultural crops. Phenology determined by farmers\u2019 decisions differed noticeably from the purely climatic driven phases with smaller percentages of advancing (~75%) trends, but farmers\u2019 spring activities were the only group with reinforced advancement, suggesting adaptation. Trends in farmers\u2019 spring and summer activities were very likely\/likely associated with the warming pattern. In contrast, the advance in autumn farming phases was significantly associated with below average summer warming. Thus, under ongoing climate change with decreased chilling the advancing phenology in spring and summer is still attributable to warming; even the farmers\u2019 activities in these seasons mirror, to a lesser extent, the warming. Our findings point to adaptation to climate change in agriculture and reveal diverse implications for terrestrial ecosystems; the strong attribution supports the necessary mediation of warming impacts to the general public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T08:11:58Z","timestamp":1579248718000},"page":"2599-2612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Climate change fingerprints in recent European plant phenology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Menzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoclimatology Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study Technical University of Munich Garching Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7370-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoclimatology Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Matiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Earth Observation Eurac Research Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences Pozna\u0144 Poland"},{"name":"Museum of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helfried","family":"Scheifinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klima Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regula","family":"Gehrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoclimatology Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-012-9584-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD028200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.00731.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr032253"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01374.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12863"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcv055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"G\u00fcsewell S. 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