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Arthropod vectors of disease are particularly sensitive to changes in abiotic conditions such as temperature and moisture availability. Recent research has focused on shifting environmental suitability for, and geographic distribution of, vector species under projected climate change scenarios. However, shifts in seasonal activity patterns, or phenology, may also have dramatic consequences for human exposure risk, local vector abundance and pathogen transmission dynamics. Moreover, changes in land use are likely to alter human\u2013vector contact rates in ways that models of changing climate suitability are unlikely to capture. Here we used climate and land use projections for California coupled with seasonal species distribution models to explore the response of the western blacklegged tick (<jats:italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/jats:italic>), the primary Lyme disease vector in western North America, to projected climate and land use change. Specifically, we investigated how environmental suitability for tick host\u2010seeking changes seasonally, how the magnitude and direction of changing seasonal suitability differs regionally across California, and how land use change shifts human tick\u2010encounter risk across the state. We found vector responses to changing climate and land use vary regionally within California under different future scenarios. Under a hotter, drier scenario and more extreme land use change, the duration and extent of seasonal host\u2010seeking activity increases in northern California, but declines in the south. In contrast, under a hotter, wetter scenario seasonal host\u2010seeking declines in northern California, but increases in the south. Notably, regardless of future scenario, projected increases in developed land adjacent to current human population centers substantially increase potential human\u2013vector encounter risk across the state. These results highlight regional variability and potential nonlinearity in the response of disease vectors to environmental change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T15:09:32Z","timestamp":1594393772000},"page":"5459-5474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Projected climate and land use change alter western blacklegged tick phenology, seasonal host\u2010seeking suitability and human encounter risk in California"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"McComb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry A.","family":"Padgett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector\u2010Borne Disease Section California Department of Public Health Richmond CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley E.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.070781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.772"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12255"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006468"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2006.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0251-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)043[0415:GDPAHS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-32.5.1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv199"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Modeling climate suitability of the western blacklegged tick in California","volume":"55","author":"Eisen R. 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