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Rising temperatures may exacerbate the exploitation of hosts by parasites, especially in ectothermic systems. The metabolic activity of ectotherms is strongly linked to temperature and generally increases when temperatures rise. We hypothesized that temperature change in combination with parasite infection interferes with the host's immunometabolism. We used a parasite, the avian cestode <jats:italic>Schistocephalus solidus<\/jats:italic>, which taps most of its resources from the metabolism of an ectothermic intermediate host, the three\u2010spined stickleback. We experimentally exposed sticklebacks to this parasite, and studied liver transcriptomes 50\u00a0days after infection at 13\u00b0C and 24\u00b0C, to assess their immunometabolic responses. Furthermore, we monitored fitness parameters of the parasite and examined immunity and body condition of the sticklebacks at 13\u00b0C, 18\u00b0C and 24\u00b0C after 36, 50 and 64\u00a0days of infection. At low temperatures (13\u00b0C), <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic> growth was constrained, presumably also by the more active stickleback's immune system, thus delaying its infectivity for the final host to 64\u00a0days. Warmer temperature (18\u00b0C and 24\u00b0C) enhanced <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic> growth, and it became infective to the final host already after 36\u00a0days. Overall, <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic> produced many more viable offspring after development at elevated temperatures. In contrast, stickleback hosts had lower body conditions, and their immune system was less active at warm temperature. The stickleback's liver transcriptome revealed that mainly metabolic processes were differentially regulated between temperatures, whereas immune genes were not strongly affected. Temperature effects on gene expression were strongly enhanced in infected sticklebacks, and even in exposed\u2010but\u2010not\u2010infected hosts. These data suggest that the parasite exposure in concert with rising temperature, as to be expected with global climate change, shifted the host's immunometabolism, thus providing nutrients for the enormous growth of the parasite and, at the same time suppressing immune defence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1602920777000},"page":"94-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Climate change facilitates a parasite\u2019s host exploitation via temperature\u2010mediated immunometabolic processes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rn P.","family":"Scharsack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartholom\u00e4us","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Schmidt\u2010Drewello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Limnology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Molecular Evolution &amp; 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