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These responses may help leaves maintain advantageous photosynthetic capacity and\/or be a response to recent photosynthate accumulation, and can occur within days after a change in thermal regime. It is not clear, however, how the sensitivity and magnitude of this response change over time, or which time period prior to a given measurement best predicts <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub>. Nor is it known whether nighttime, daytime, or 24\u2010hour temperatures should be most influential. To address these issues, we used data from 1620 <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> temperature response curves of 10 temperate and boreal tree species in a long\u2013term field experiment in Minnesota, USA to assess how the observed nearly complete acclimation of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub> was related to past temperatures during periods of differing lengths. We hypothesized that <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub> would be best related to prior midday temperatures associated with both photosynthetic biochemistry and peak carbon uptake rates that drive carbohydrate accumulation. Inconsistent with this hypothesis, prior night temperatures were the best predictors of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub> for all species. We had also hypothesized that recent (prior 3\u201310\u00a0days) temperatures should best predict <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub> because they likely have stronger residual impacts on leaf\u2010level physiology than periods extending further back in time, whereas a prior 1\u2010 to 2\u2010day period might be a span shorter than one to which photosynthetic capacity and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub> adjust. There was little to no support for this idea, as for angiosperms, long time windows (prior 30\u201360 nights) were the best predictors, while for gymnosperms both near\u2010term (prior 3\u20138 nights for pines, prior 10\u201314 nights for spruce\/fir) and longer\u2010term periods (prior 45 nights) were the best predictors. The importance of nighttime temperatures, the relatively long \u201ctime\u2010averaging\u201d that best explained acclimation, and dual peaks of temporal acclimation responsiveness in some species were all results that were unanticipated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T12:05:38Z","timestamp":1616241938000},"page":"2945-2958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing the relevant time frame for temperature acclimation of leaf dark respiration: A test with 10 boreal and temperate species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Reich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA"},{"name":"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment 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