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However, open\u2010path flux measurements are sensitive to fluctuations in air temperature, pressure, and humidity. Laser\u2010based, open\u2010path sensors with the needed sensitivity for trace gases like methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) are impacted by additional spectroscopic effects. Corrections for these effects, especially those related to temperature fluctuations, often exceed the flux of gases, leading to large uncertainties in the associated fluxes. For example, the density and spectroscopic corrections arising from temperature fluctuations can be one or two orders of magnitude greater than background N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O fluxes. Consequently, measuring background fluxes with laser\u2010based, open\u2010path sensors is extremely challenging, particularly for N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O and gases with similar high\u2010precision requirements. We demonstrate a new laser\u2010based, open\u2010path N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O sensor and a general approach applicable to other gases that minimizes temperature\u2010related corrections for EC flux measurements. The method identifies absorption lines with spectroscopic effects in the opposite direction of density effects from temperature and, thus, density and spectroscopic effects nearly cancel one another. The new open\u2010path N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O sensor was tested at a corn (\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) field in Southwestern Michigan, United States. The sensor had an optimal precision of 0.1\u00a0ppbv at 10\u00a0Hz and power consumption of 50\u00a0W. Field trials showed that temperature\u2010related corrections were 6% of density corrections, reducing EC random errors by 20\u2010fold compared to previously examined lines. Measured open\u2010path N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O EC fluxes showed excellent agreement with those made with static chambers (\n                    <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3;\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.96). More generally, we identified absorption lines for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0flux measurements that can reduce the temperature\u2010related corrections by 10\u2013100 times compared to existing open\u2010path sensors. The proposed method provides a new direction for future open\u2010path sensors, facilitating the expansion of accurate EC flux measurements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T12:25:59Z","timestamp":1636547159000},"page":"1446-1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A new open\u2010path eddy covariance method for nitrous oxide and other trace gases that minimizes temperature corrections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Center for Mid\u2010Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental NSF\u2010ERC Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8576-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Gelfand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"},{"name":"W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan USA"},{"name":"The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Center for Mid\u2010Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental NSF\u2010ERC Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8952-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Abraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"},{"name":"W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA"},{"name":"Research and Education in eNergy Environment and Water (RENEW) Institute University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuehui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Center for Mid\u2010Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental NSF\u2010ERC Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0761-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Philip","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"},{"name":"W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Zondlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Center for Mid\u2010Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental NSF\u2010ERC Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119792"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2010.00468.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546\u2010017\u20100275\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.1996.tb00070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2003.1393"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195120837.003.0010","volume-title":"Standard soil methods for long\u2010term ecological research","author":"Holland E. 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