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However, global patterns and drivers of soil gross immobilization of ammonium (I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and nitrate (I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are still only tentatively known. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis considering gross N production rates, soil properties, and climate and their interactions for a deeper understanding of the patterns and drivers of I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . By compiling and analyzing 1966 observations from 274\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N\u2010labelled studies, we found a global average of I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 7.41\u2009\u00b1\u20090.72 and 2.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30\u2009mg\u2009N\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    with a ratio of I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    to I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    (I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    :I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of 0.79\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11. Soil I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased with increasing soil gross N mineralization (GNM) and nitrification (GN), microbial biomass, organic carbon, and total N and decreasing soil bulk density. Our analysis revealed that GNM and GN were the main stimulators for I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , respectively. The structural equation modeling showed that higher soil microbial biomass, total N, pH, and precipitation stimulate I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    through enhancing GNM and GN. However, higher temperature and soil bulk density suppress I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    by reducing microbial biomass and total N. Soil I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    varied with terrestrial ecosystems, being greater in grasslands and forests, which have higher rates of GNM, than in croplands. The highest I\n                    <jats:sub>NO3<\/jats:sub>\n                    :I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    was observed in croplands, which had higher rates of GN. The global average of GN to I\n                    <jats:sub>NH4<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 2.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31, manifesting a high potential risk of N loss. We highlight that anthropogenic activities that influence soil properties and gross N production rates likely interact with future climate changes and land uses to affect soil N immobilization and, eventually, the fate of the anthropogenic reactive N.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T23:54:03Z","timestamp":1650498843000},"page":"4472-4488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Global patterns of soil gross immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in terrestrial ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Elrys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture 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