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The recovery of epiphytes from high levels of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> pollution has resulted in major range changes, whose interpretation has, however, been challenged by concomitant variation in other pollutants as well as climate change. Here, we combine historical and contemporary information on epiphytic bryophyte species distributions, climatic conditions, and pollution loads since the 1980s in southern Belgium to disentangle the relative impact of climate change and air pollution on temporal shifts in species composition. The relationship between the temporal variation of species composition, climatic conditions, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and fine particle concentrations, was analyzed by variation partitioning. The temporal shift in species composition was such, that it was, on average, more than twice larger than the change in species composition observed today among communities scattered across the study area. The main driver, contributing to 38% of this temporal shift in species composition, was the variation of air quality. Climate change alone did not contribute to the substantial compositional shifts in epiphytic bryophyte communities in the course of the last 40\u2009years. As a consequence of the substantial drop of N and S loads over the last decades, present\u2010day variations of epiphytic floras were, however, better explained by the spatial variation of climatic conditions than by extant pollution loads. The lack of any signature of recolonization delays of formerly polluted areas in the composition of modern floras suggests that epiphytic bryophytes efficiently disperse at the landscape scale. We suggest that a monitoring of epiphyte communities at 10\u2010year intervals would be desirable to assess the impact of raising pollution sources, and especially pesticides, whose impact on bryophytes remains poorly documented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T09:44:45Z","timestamp":1682156685000},"page":"3990-4000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Disentangling climate change from air pollution effects on epiphytic bryophytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Virginie","family":"Hutsem\u00e9kers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgian Interregional Environment Agency  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Mouton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Li\u00e8ge, Institute of Botany  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Westenbohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Li\u00e8ge, Institute of Botany  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4342-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavien","family":"Collart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Vanderpoorten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Li\u00e8ge, Institute of Botany  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Baselga A. 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