{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:46:48Z","timestamp":1791830808579,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":279,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Groundwater is a vital ecosystem of the global water cycle, hosting unique biodiversity and providing essential services to societies. Despite being the largest unfrozen freshwater resource, in a period of depletion by extraction and pollution, groundwater environments have been repeatedly overlooked in global biodiversity conservation agendas. Disregarding the importance of groundwater as an ecosystem ignores its critical role in preserving surface biomes. To foster timely global conservation of groundwater, we propose elevating the concept of keystone species into the realm of ecosystems, claiming groundwater as a keystone ecosystem that influences the integrity of many dependent ecosystems. Our global analysis shows that over half of land surface areas (52.6%) has a medium\u2010to\u2010high interaction with groundwater, reaching up to 74.9% when deserts and high mountains are excluded. We postulate that the intrinsic transboundary features of groundwater are critical for shifting perspectives towards more holistic approaches in aquatic ecology and beyond. Furthermore, we propose eight key themes to develop a science\u2010policy integrated groundwater conservation agenda. Given ecosystems above and below the ground intersect at many levels, considering groundwater as an essential component of planetary health is pivotal to reduce biodiversity loss and buffer against climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T21:50:23Z","timestamp":1702417823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Groundwater is a hidden global keystone ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Sacc\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Subterranean Research and Groundwater Ecology (SuRGE) Group, Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Mammola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (CNR\u2010IRSA) National Research Council  Verbania Pallanza Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Altermatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology  D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7582-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Alther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology  D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossano","family":"Bolpagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Brancelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research National Institute of Biology  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Department for Environmental Science University of Nova Gorica  Nova Gorica Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Brankovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (CNR\u2010IRSA) National Research Council  Verbania Pallanza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-8724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cene","family":"Fi\u0161er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SubBio Lab, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9143-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilis","family":"Gerovasileiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environment, Department of Environment Ionian University  Zakynthos Greece"},{"name":"Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Thalassocosmos, Institute of Marine Biology Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)  Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8602-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Griebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional &amp; 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