{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:56:12Z","timestamp":1787313372890,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nature\u2010based climate solutions (NCS) are championed as a primary tool to mitigate climate change, especially in forested regions capable of storing and sequestering vast amounts of carbon. New England is one of the most heavily forested regions in the United States (&gt;75% forested by land area), and forest carbon is a significant component of climate mitigation policies. Large infrequent disturbances, such as hurricanes, are a major source of uncertainty and risk for policies relying on forest carbon for climate mitigation, especially as climate change is projected to alter the intensity and extent of hurricanes. To date, most research into disturbance impacts on forest carbon stocks has focused on fire. Here, we show that a single hurricane in the region can down between 121 and 250\u2009MMTCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e or 4.6%\u20139.4% of the total aboveground forest carbon, much greater than the carbon sequestered annually by New England's forests (16\u2009MMTCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e\u2009year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). However, emissions from hurricanes are not instantaneous; it takes approximately 19\u2009years for downed carbon to become a net emission and 100\u2009years for 90% of the downed carbon to be emitted. Reconstructing hurricanes with the HURRECON and EXPOS models across a range of historical and projected wind speeds, we find that an 8% and 16% increase in hurricane wind speeds leads to a 10.7\u2010 and 24.8\u2010fold increase in the extent of high\u2010severity damaged areas (widespread tree mortality). Increased wind speed also leads to unprecedented geographical shifts in damage, both inland and northward, into heavily forested regions traditionally less affected by hurricanes. Given that a single hurricane can emit the equivalent of 10+\u2009years of carbon sequestered by forests in New England, the status of these forests as a durable carbon sink is uncertain. Understanding the risks to forest carbon stocks from disturbances is necessary for decision\u2010makers relying on forests as a NCS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T04:01:51Z","timestamp":1713931311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hurricanes pose a substantial risk to New England forest carbon stocks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-3943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shersingh Joseph","family":"Tumber\u2010D\u00e1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University  Petersham Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies Dartmouth College  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor","family":"Lucey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Conservation UMASS Amherst  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emery R.","family":"Boose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University  Petersham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danelle","family":"Laflower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University  Petersham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9459-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Le\u00f3n\u2010S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard College Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1940-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry T.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service  Saint Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan Graham","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Conservation UMASS Amherst  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University  Petersham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2006.01254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz7005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson N. 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