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For coral reefs, recent increases in severe marine heat waves now co\u2010occur with powerful storms, the historic agent of disturbance. While storms kill coral and remove their skeletons, heat waves bleach and kill corals but leave their skeletons intact. Here, we explored how the material legacy of dead coral skeletons modifies two key ecological processes that underpin coral reef resilience: the ability of herbivores to control macroalgae (spatial competitors of corals), and the replenishment of new coral colonies. Our findings, grounded by a major bleaching event at our long\u2010term study locale, revealed that the presence of structurally complex dead skeletons reduced grazing on turf algae by ~80%. For macroalgae, browsing was reduced by &gt;40% on less preferred (unpalatable) taxa, but only by ~10% on more preferred taxa. This enabled unpalatable macroalgae to reach ~45% cover in 2\u2009years. By contrast, herbivores prevented macroalgae from becoming established on adjacent reefs that lacked skeletons. Manipulation of unpalatable macroalgae revealed that the cover reached after 1\u2009year (~20%) reduced recruitment of corals by 50%. The effect of skeletons on juvenile coral growth was contingent on the timing of settlement relative to the disturbance. If corals settled directly after bleaching (before macroalgae colonized), dead skeletons enhanced colony growth by 34%, but this benefit was lost if corals colonized dead skeletons a year after the disturbance once macroalgae had proliferated. These findings underscore how a material legacy from a changing disturbance regime can alter ecosystem resilience properties by disrupting key trophic and competitive interactions that shape post\u2010disturbance community dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T09:01:12Z","timestamp":1726477272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Changing disturbance regimes, material legacies, and stabilizing feedbacks: Dead coral skeletons impair key recovery processes following coral bleaching"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0021-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai L.","family":"Kopecky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Environmental Data Science Innovation &amp; Inclusion Lab (ESIIL) University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3015-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally J.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Marine Science Institute University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1660-267X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emalia","family":"Partlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1050-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9674-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell J.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Marine Science Institute University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010014\u20103011\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338\u2010010\u20100594\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ\u20102017\u2010066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2005.00866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.09.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012\u20109615(1997)067[0461:AYSOCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Processes that promote resilience of coral reef systems: How dynamics of fishing and herbivory alter coral\u2010algal interactions","author":"Cook D. 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