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Known as the wildland\u2013urban interface (WUI), this zone occupies around 5% of the Earth's surface and is home to 3.5 billion people. The rapid spread of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 has demonstrated the importance of understanding risk factors for disease among an increasingly urbanized population. However, the contribution of the WUI to zoonotic disease risk is poorly understood. Here, we show that low\u2010level host richness occurs throughout most of the global WUI, and 20% of the human WUI population live in zones of particularly high zoonotic potential, where more than 20 host species could occur. Zones of high zoonotic potential are concentrated in low\u2013middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) across equatorial Africa, Brazil, Central America, and Southeast Asia where vulnerability is further elevated by widespread poverty, inadequate housing, and lack of easily accessible healthcare. Three of four people living in WUIs with high host richness (520 million people) are in LMICs. Of this population, 35% (183 million) live in and around cities in West, East, and South Africa. This means that WUI\u2010based populations of LMICs may face the double threat of high zoonotic potential and vulnerability to disease. Our results identify global priorities for monitoring exposure to zoonotic diseases in the rapidly expanding WUI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1738731686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Zoonotic Host Richness in the Global Wildland\u2013Urban Interface"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3781-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan D.","family":"Simkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of the Environment Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies  Millbrook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker C.","family":"Radeloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"LaDeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies  Millbrook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Schug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of the Environment Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010021\u201000999\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010022\u201001723\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(10)70223\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biu039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12429"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(06)68653\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.715759"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frsc.2023.1057726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098020910873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010006\u20100063\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035273\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640\u2010020\u201000484\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"European Space Agency.2017.\u201cLand Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2.0.\u201dwww.esa\u2010landcover\u2010cci.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7115"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"751","article-title":"Urban Wildland Interface Communities Within the Vicinity of Federal Lands That are at High Risk From Wildfire","volume":"66","author":"Forest Service, B. o. 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