{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:08:56Z","timestamp":1791338936391,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000980","name":"Grains Research and Development Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UOQ1910\u2010003RTX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOQ1910\u2010003RTX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000980","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sulfur (S) is an essential plant nutrient, but ongoing decreases in inorganic S inputs to soil continue to reduce S availability in agricultural soils globally. This study investigated long\u2010term trends in soil S speciation after land use change and the application of different soil amendments using the world's longest\u2010running agricultural experiments at the Rothamsted Research Centre, UK. Soil samples spanning 145\u2009years were obtained from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment (continuous cropping with different amendments) and two Wilderness sites, Broadbalk Wilderness and Geescroft Wilderness (cropping land left to rewild) and analysed using synchrotron\u2010based x\u2010ray absorption near\u2010edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. It was found that changes in S speciation were linked to changes in soil organic carbon (SOC). In the Broadbalk Winter Wheat experiment, farmyard manure applications increased the proportion of reduced C\u2010bonded S by 40% over 145\u2009years, while the S speciation in the inorganic fertiliser (NPKMgS) and Control treatments remained unchanged and was comprised of ~48% oxidised S. In the Wilderness sites (cropping ceased 143\u2013146\u2009years from present), SOC accumulation during rewilding generally increased the proportions of reduced organic S. However, soil acidification at the Geescroft site initially increased the average oxidation state of S (from +3.7 in 1883 to +4.4 in 1965) despite increasing SOC. Thus, whilst SOC is important in controlling S speciation, soil pH also has a central effect. These findings provide new insights into the long\u2010term dynamics of S speciation under different agricultural practices and land\u2010use changes and contribute to our understanding of S and its availability in cropping systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T12:22:17Z","timestamp":1742473337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sulfur's Long Game: 145\u2009Years of Soil Sulfur Speciation in the World's Oldest Agricultural Experiments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"Barnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigid A.","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram C.","family":"Dalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve P.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Soils and Crops Rothamsted Research  Harpenden UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe H.","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine The University of Adelaide  Urrbrae South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy L.","family":"Wykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Australian Synchrotron  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Kopittke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Dataset: Rothamsted Sulfur Speciation Dataset","author":"Barnard M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Bothare V.2024.\u201cSulfur Fertilizers Market Size Share & Trends Analysis Report By Type (Ammonium Sulphate Single Superphosphate Sulfate of Potash Ammonium Nitrate\u2010 Sulfate Sulfate Containing Compound Fertilizers) By Type of agriculture (Controlled Environment Agriculture Conventional Agriculture Others) By Applications (Cereals and Grains Fruits and Vegetables Oilseeds and Pulses) and By Region(North America Europe APAC Middle East and Africa LATAM) Forecasts 2025\u20102033. Straights Research.\u201dhttps:\/\/straitsresearch.com\/report\/sulfur\u2010fertilizers\u2010market."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102389.2011.01391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Camargo A.2024.\u201cPCAtest: Statistical Significance of PCA.\u201dhttps:\/\/arleyc.github.io\/PCAtest\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1988.03615995005200050037x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038\u20100717(96)00302\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2013.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2015.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Department for Environment F. R. A.2022.\u201cBritish Survey of Fertiliser Practice 2021. B. L. C. i. P. Data.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/british\u2010survey\u2010of\u2010fertiliser\u2010practice\u20102021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13071409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2737\/NE-GTR-250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Advances in Agronomy","author":"Eriksen J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010021\u201000172\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2011.02445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/32\/2012\u2010pse"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023EF003723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.13318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Glendining M. A.Gregory P.Poulton andW.Wilmer.2024.\u201cBroadbalk Wheat Experiment Organic Manure Chemical Composition Version 1.0 Electronic Rothamsted Archive Rothamsted Research.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.23637\/rbk1\u2010FYM\u201001."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1354\u20101013.2002.00486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010022\u201000662\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Kassambara A. andF.Mundt.2020.\u201cfactoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=factoextra."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038\u20100717(01)00106\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2000.00472425002900060020x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104\u2010015\u20102789\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2022.105474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100\u201006832012000500001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.107760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"Rothamsted Long\u2010Term Experiments: Guide to the Classical and Other Long\u2010Term Experiments, Datasets and Sample Archive","author":"Macdonald A. J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729\u2010020\u201000292\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107061(81)90024\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","volume-title":"History and Outlook for Sulphur Fertilisers in Europe","author":"McGrath S. P.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1354\u20101013.2001.00459.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2022.2030082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","volume-title":"Broadbalk Wilderness accumulation of organic carbon Version 1.0","author":"Perryman S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"Geescroft wilderness accumulation of organic carbon Version 1.0","author":"Perryman S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"Broadbalk mean long\u2010term yields of winter wheat 1852\u20102022 Version 3.0","author":"Perryman S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2012.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Advances in Agronomy","author":"Poulton P. R.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102486.2003.00633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011\u2010016\u20100769\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es102180a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102389.2003.00543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0909049505012719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","volume-title":"Broadbalk Soil Total % Nitrogen Content, 1843\u20102010 Version 1.0","author":"Rothamsted Research","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"Broadbalk soil organic carbon content 1843\u20102015 Version 2.0","author":"Rothamsted Research","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","volume-title":"Broadbalk Wheat Experiment fertilizer and manure treatments, 1852\u20102021","author":"Rothamsted Research","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","unstructured":"Rothamsted Research.2024.\u201cSite: Broadbalk\u2014Rothamsted. Rothamsted Research.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk\/Broadbalk#site\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","unstructured":"Rothamsted Research.2024b.\u201cSite: Broadbalk Wilderness\u2014Rothamsted.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk\/experiment\/rbk1w#site\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"Rothamsted Research.2024c.\u201cSite: Geescroft Wilderness\u2014Rothamsted.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk\/Wilderness#site\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200900037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JG000538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01904160601118216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102389.2005.00702.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2003.1721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13040957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08940630.1987.10466197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2024.109436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12364"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010021\u201002458\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11070626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00010076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2003.3300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2005.08.013"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.70136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T07:15:31Z","timestamp":1749194131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.70136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.70136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.70136","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70136"}}