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Rsoil consists of two component CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fluxes: autotrophic respiration from the metabolic activity of roots (Ra<jats:sub>\u2010root<\/jats:sub>) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) derived from the metabolic activity of mycorrhizal fungi and microbial decomposition of detritus, soil organic matter, and rhizodeposits. Increased nitrogen (N) availability often reduces Rsoil in forest ecosystems, but it remains unclear which contributing fluxes govern Rsoil responses and if suppression of Rsoil results from increased N availability itself or from the tendency of added N to acidify soil. Here, we address these uncertainties in a long\u2010term, large\u2010scale factorial N\u2009\u00d7\u2009pH experiment in six temperate forest stands in central New York, USA. We anticipated that increasing soil N availability would decrease plant belowground C allocation and related root\u2010associated respiration and that soil acidification would suppress microbial decomposition, thereby reducing Rh. We found that both acidifying and deacidifying N additions suppressed annual Rsoil by 19% and 13%, respectively (\u22121.8\u2009Mg\u2009C\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009year<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> overall), but acidification (from pH 4.67 to 4.22) alone did not detectably affect this flux. Annual Rsoil decreased steeply (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) as soil N availability increased. Nitrogen additions generally suppressed Rh, especially in the forest floor (\u221234%), whereas the effects of acidification alone varied by soil depth, with substantial suppression in the forest floor (\u221233%) partially offset by stimulation at depth. A novel partitioning of Rsoil component responses suggests that N additions suppressed root\u2010associated respiration by ~1.1\u2009Mg\u2009C\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> year<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (62% of the Rsoil suppression), while acidification alone had no effect. Our findings demonstrate that soil N availability, not soil pH, is the predominant biogeochemical control over Rsoil in these temperate forests, with larger responses of plant\u2010driven C fluxes than microbial\u2010driven C fluxes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T06:10:22Z","timestamp":1743747022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Increased Soil Nitrogen Availability Suppresses Annual Soil Respiration in Mixed Temperate Forests Regardless of Acidification"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8683-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jed P.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Goodale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201037304\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GB005990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2008.01549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038\u20100717(93)90140\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038\u20100717(03)00154\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-015-9892-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.0057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2008.01562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.107570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2004.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2018.08.0293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010002\u20100931\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533\u2010021\u201000871\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012\u20109658(2000)081[2359:MESELD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"CASTNET.2024.\u201cU.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Markets Division Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET).\u201d Data table accessed: annual total deposition. 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