{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:26:25Z","timestamp":1790418385878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C10X0713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10X0713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource and an essential macronutrient for plant growth. The importance of low soil P availability in constraining plant biomass responses to elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) is increasingly recognized. P fertilization could alleviate these constraints, but biogeochemical feedbacks under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> may diminish the effectiveness of P fertilizer in raising soil P availability. Here, we present data from a botanically diverse grazed pasture enriched with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (+84\u2013111\u2009ppm) and supplied with P fertilizer (1.5\u2009g\u2009P\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u2009year<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) for approximately 24\u2009years, showing (1) a sustained 27% reduction in topsoil Olsen P under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> prior to annual fertilizer application, and (2) an approximate halving of the short\u2010term (approximately 4\u2009months) effectiveness of P fertilizer in raising Olsen P by 1 unit under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Similar results occurred with the Bray\u20101 soil P test. These effects soon disappeared after CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> enrichment stopped. Accumulation of moderately labile organic P in the eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> topsoil shortly after fertilization indicated rapid biological immobilization of newly applied P occurring under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Alternative P loss mechanisms under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, including inorganic P depletion due to increased pasture growth, increased P offtake versus return through the plant\u2192animal\u2192dung pathway, or P movement down the soil profile, were not supported by the available evidence. Despite this, pasture P concentration and uptake were similar under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and ambient CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and the biomass of the P\u2010sensitive legume <jats:italic>Trifolium repens<\/jats:italic> was often greater under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Thus, either the fertilizer regime was sufficient to maintain a non\u2010limiting pasture P status, or integrated plant\u2013soil biological adjustments under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> compensated for reduced P availability. If compensatory mechanisms play a greater role in supporting crop P nutrition under eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> but are neglected by routine soil P availability tests focused on inorganic P, overapplication of P fertilizers will occur as CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels continue to rise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T20:18:59Z","timestamp":1743884339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Loss of P Fertilizer Effectiveness in Raising Soil P Availability in a Grazed Grassland Enriched With CO<sub>2<\/sub> for 24\u2009Years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7329-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zac","family":"Beechey\u2010Gradwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch Ltd Climate Change and Forage Innovations  Palmerston North New 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