{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:01:35Z","timestamp":1790650895772,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000155","name":"Division of Environmental Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1916622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1916622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Climate change is altering precipitation regimes that control nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. In ecosystems exposed to frequent drought, N can accumulate in soils as they dry, stimulating the emission of both nitric oxide (NO; an air pollutant at high concentrations) and nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O; a powerful greenhouse gas) when the dry soils wet up. Because changes in both N availability and soil moisture can alter the capacity of nitrifying organisms such as ammonia\u2010oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) to process N and emit N gases, predicting whether shifts in precipitation may alter NO and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions requires understanding how both AOA and AOB may respond. Thus, we ask: How does altering summer and winter precipitation affect nitrifier\u2010derived N trace gas emissions in a dryland ecosystem? To answer this question, we manipulated summer and winter precipitation and measured AOA\u2010 and AOB\u2010derived N trace gas emissions, AOA and AOB abundance, and soil N concentrations. We found that excluding summer precipitation increased AOB\u2010derived NO emissions, consistent with the increase in soil N availability, and that increasing summer precipitation amount promoted AOB activity. Excluding precipitation in the winter (the most extreme water limitation we imposed) did not alter nitrifier\u2010derived NO emissions despite N accumulating in soils. Instead, nitrate that accumulated under drought correlated with high N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emission via denitrification upon wetting dry soils. Increases in the timing and intensity of precipitation that are forecasted under climate change may, therefore, influence the emission of N gases according to the magnitude and season during which the changes occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T07:06:51Z","timestamp":1743318411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nitrogen Availability and Changes in Precipitation Alter Microbially Mediated <scp>NO<\/scp> and <scp>N<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/scp> Emissions From a Pinyon\u2013Juniper Dryland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5844-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6922-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander H.","family":"Krichels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences University of California  Riverside California USA"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizah Z.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Calma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5018-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma L.","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2387-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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