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Periodic anoxia, commonly occurring following precipitation, soil flooding, and erosion events, is assumed to preserve SOC. Yet, water saturation may also increase SOC decomposition relative to unsaturated conditions, and contradictory findings among previous studies remain unexplained. Here, using incubation experiments on 20 soils collected across a 24\u00b0 latitude gradient in China, we show that 70% of the soils showed a higher or similar anoxic decomposition rate of SOC compared to the oxic treatment, indicating fast SOC loss under relatively short anoxia. Methane production was far lower than CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> due to the presence of alternative terminal electron acceptors (TEAs). Variation in alternative TEAs and microbial community shows that fast anoxic decomposition was primarily driven by iron (Fe) reduction, which accounted for up to 90% of anoxic CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production. Meanwhile, positive relationships among water\u2010extractable organic carbon (OC), hydrochloric acid\u2010extractable ferrous Fe, relative abundance of Fe\u2010reducing prokaryotes, and the SOC decomposition rate suggest the release of readily metabolized substrates following Fe reduction. This release provided substrates for anoxic metabolism and potentially led to the loss of OC protected by Fe (Fe\u2010bound OC; a slow\u2010cycling OC pool under oxic conditions). Mass balance calculation confirms that Fe\u2010bound OC loss was mostly similar to elevated anoxic SOC decomposition in magnitude, and random forest modeling indicates that soils rich in reducible Fe, SOC, and Fe\u2010reducing prokaryotes most likely experience elevated SOC decomposition under periodic anoxia. Overall, our findings demonstrate that fast anoxic decomposition of SOC is a potentially important pathway that may stimulate SOC loss under climate change\u2010mediated intense hydrologic regimes, particularly for soils rich in reducible Fe and SOC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T06:53:48Z","timestamp":1745823228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Iron\u2010Driven Fast Decomposition of Soil Carbon Under Periodic Anoxia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing 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