{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:20:24Z","timestamp":1791217224322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Anthropogenic carbon emissions contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect, resulting in global warming and climate change. Thus, addressing this critical issue requires innovative and comprehensive solutions. Silicate weathering moderates atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels over geological time, but it occurs too slowly to counteract anthropogenic emissions effectively. Here, we show that the microorganism\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    strain MP1 promotes silicate weathering across different experimental setups with various levels of complexity. First, we found that MP1 was able to form a robust biofilm in the presence of feldspar and significantly increased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) silicate dissolution rates, pH, and calcium carbonate formation in culture experiments. Second, in mesocosm experiments, we found that MP1 enhanced the silicate weathering rate in soil by more than six times compared to the untreated control. In addition, soil inorganic carbon increased by 20%, and the concentrations of ions, including calcium, magnesium, and iron, were also elevated under the MP1 treatment. More importantly, when applied as a seed treatment on eight soybean fields, we found that MP1 significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) boosted soil inorganic carbon, leading to a gross accrual of 2.02\u2009tonnes of inorganic carbon per hectare annually. Our findings highlight the potential of enhancing native silicate weathering with microorganisms in agricultural fields to increase soil inorganic carbon, contributing to climate change mitigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:22:32Z","timestamp":1746174152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Harnessing Microbes to Weather Native Silicates in Agricultural Soils for Scalable Carbon Dioxide Removal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Ya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Wemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Takayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Nademanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjorn A.","family":"Traag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Zamanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth System Sciences, Section Soil Science Leibniz University of Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioingenier\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Breecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Fierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric W.","family":"Slessarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3471-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo A.","family":"Fuenzalida\u2010Meriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andes Ag, Inc.  Alameda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-0228.2020.00034.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751\u20107915.12117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201017\u2010103\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association","year":"1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn7950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190398211631217292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.211810711935042817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Biogeochemical Weathering of Silicate Minerals","volume":"35","author":"Barker W. W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reviews in Mineralogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-008-9805-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231943612138386712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/246527a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add2922"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95921-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region","author":"Combs S. M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.3.290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils","author":"EPA, U.S","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927612000426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201017\u20101507\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00657\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min8120585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min9040218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GC004370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/acfd89"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561\u2010018\u20100190\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15089"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Biofilms and Extracellular Matrices on Geomaterials","volume":"46","author":"Kemmling A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8372-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-003-0690-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","volume-title":"Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates","author":"Lal R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.959229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es204528m"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-005-9022-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants","author":"Marschner H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(96)00036-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11631-011-0500-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/20.11.1458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.3.c34"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35011098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00114-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","volume-title":"Climate Data Online (CDO)","author":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-57316-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.19.5505-5512.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region","author":"Peters J. B.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016\u2010021\u201000429\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1510747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.590774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","volume-title":"Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils (No. 60)","author":"Richards L. A.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533\u2010017\u20100410\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01368\u201007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42291-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/W08-089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2002.0299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20175118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007\u2014The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC","author":"Solomon S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates","author":"Suarez D. L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.3.c40"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.954064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","unstructured":"USDA NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service).2024.\u201cSoil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database.\u201dhttps:\/\/websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov\/App\/HomePage.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.869456"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC086iC10p09776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","first-page":"7.1","volume-title":"Recommended Chemical Soil Testing Procedures for the North Central Region","author":"Warnacke D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2003.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","first-page":"9.1","volume-title":"Recommended Chemical Soil Testing Procedures for the North Central Region","author":"Whitney D. A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-022-00312-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G48706.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1180\/0009855043930133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science","author":"Zamanian K.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1052831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.09.018"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.70216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:07:13Z","timestamp":1754914033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.70216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.70216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.70216","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70216"}}