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However, previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of microplastics on soil carbon loss, and whether and how microplastics mediate microbial anabolism and subsequent contributions to soil carbon are largely unexplored. Here, we evaluated how conventional and biodegradable microplastic exposure simultaneously affects carbon mineralization and the accumulation of microbial necromass carbon in two types of soil with distinct nutrient levels. We found that biodegradable microplastics significantly increased soil CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions, likely due to the resulting greater resource availability and increased microbial activity. By contrast, biodegradable microplastics increased microbial carbon use efficiency and promoted microbial community turnover, further increasing the accumulation of microbial necromass in mineral\u2010associated organic matter and bulk soil carbon. Additionally, the microplastic\u2010induced increase in soil CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions and necromass carbon accrual was more apparent in infertile soil. Jointly, our results highlight the dual roles of microplastics on soil carbon release and stabilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T02:41:22Z","timestamp":1750387282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Double\u2010Edged Sword of Biodegradable Microplastics on the Soil Microbial Carbon Pump"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanze","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias C.","family":"Rillig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keqing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco\u2010Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanveer M.","family":"Adyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nature Positive Solutions, School of Science RMIT University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences  Xiamen China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun  Ningbo P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Single\u2010Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd.  Qingdao P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Single\u2010Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd.  Qingdao P.R. 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