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Here, long\u2010term trends in climate, net ecosystem CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exchange (NEE), net carbon uptake period (CUP\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and their drivers were investigated, using 26\u2009years of flux measurements in a subalpine spruce forest (CH\u2010Dav, Switzerland; 1997 to 2022). CUP\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    length, start (SOS) and end of season (EOS) were extracted from smoothed daily NEE time series. We used machine learning to determine the importance of environmental drivers on daily NEE and CUP\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Annual mean and maximum air temperatures (T\n                    <jats:sub>air<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) increased, while soil water content (SWC) decreased significantly between 1997 and 2022. Annual C sinks increased from 1997 to 2012, leveled off between 2012 and 2015, followed by a decline. Annual NEE was strongly related to CUP\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    length, SOS, and EOS. No significant trends in CUP\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    , SOS, or EOS were detected, most likely indicating ecophysiological acclimation, that is, physiological adjustments to changing environmental conditions over the past 26\u2009years. We identified 48\u2009days with significant negative trends in mean daily NEE over the 26\u2009years, that is, stronger net C uptake or weaker net C loss, particularly in spring and autumn, but no significant positive trends. Daylength, incoming shortwave radiation (Rg), SWC, and minimum T\n                    <jats:sub>air<\/jats:sub>\n                    were the main drivers of daily NEE. SOS was mainly driven by daylength and T\n                    <jats:sub>air<\/jats:sub>\n                    , EOS by daylength and Rg. Thus, the spruce forest benefited from higher temperature between autumn and spring, with higher net C uptake during favorable conditions and reduced C loss when winter photosynthesis compensated respiration. However, high summer temperatures increasingly limited NEE, suggesting adverse effects for subalpine\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Picea abies<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    forests in the future. Our study demonstrated that identifying driver contributions to NEE dynamics at daily time scales allows better understanding of the complexity of climate change impacts on forest C dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:05:53Z","timestamp":1753340753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Net Ecosystem\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Exchange of a Subalpine Spruce Forest in Switzerland Over 26\u2009Years: Effects of Phenology and Contributions of Abiotic Drivers at Daily Time Scales"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9206-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Krebs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"H\u00f6rtnagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Scapucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Gharun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7493-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Feigenwinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Buchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Converting Norway Spruce Stands With Beech \u2010 a Review of Arguments and Techniques","volume":"125","author":"Ammer C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Austrian Journal of Forest Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168\u20101923(01)00244\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2351-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010005\u20100256\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20101127(98)00280\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Der Wald in Deutschland\u2014Ausgew\u00e4hlte Ergebnisse der vierten Bundeswaldinventur, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft","author":"BMEL","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JG007839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Research Site Davos\u2010Seehornwald\u2014Excursion Guide","author":"Burri S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"271","volume-title":"CH2018\u2014Climate Scenarios for Switzerland, Technical Report","author":"CH2018","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geosus.2022.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Chen T. 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