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Here, we examined the trajectories, interdependencies and drivers of multidimensional WUE metrics and their components (gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration, transpiration (T), and canopy conductance (Gc)) using a conceptual drought propagation framework. We found that even though the carbon assimilation efficiency per stomata increases during drought, the canopy\u2010level WUE (represented by transpiration WUE (TWUE)) declines, indicating that stomatal regulation operates primarily at the leaf level and cannot offset the drought\u2010induced reduction in WUE at the canopy scale. A stronger dependence on T and TWUE indicates that the water\u2013carbon trade\u2010off relationship of vegetation more inclines toward water transport than carbon assimilation. Gc fails to prevent the sharp decline in GPP during drought and has limited capacity to suppress T, as reflected by the reduction magnitude and the threshold (the turning point at which a component shifts from a normal to drought\u2010responsive state). The primary drivers of the water\u2013carbon relationship under drought propagation include vapor pressure deficit and hydraulic traits. Among plant functional types, grasslands show the strongest water\u2013carbon fluxes in response to drought, whereas evergreen broadleaf forests exhibit the weakest response. These findings refine our comprehensive understanding of multidimensional ecosystem functional dynamics under drought propagation and enlighten how the physiological response of vegetation to drought affects the carbon and water cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T07:35:22Z","timestamp":1753515322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Limited Regulation of Canopy Water Use Efficiency by Stomatal Behavior Under Drought Propagation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8398-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Zhuhai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinchuan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuixiang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Queens College, City University of New York  Flushing New York USA"},{"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Graduate Center City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven A.","family":"Kannenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8466-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia K.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Migliavacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)  Ispra (VA) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J. 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