{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:16:34Z","timestamp":1760746594836,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014511","name":"Northern Research Station","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["McIntire\u2010Stennis project 1002300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["McIntire\u2010Stennis project 1002300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE 1451866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE 1451866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000873","name":"Andrew W. Mellon Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In seasonally snow\u2010covered ecosystems, changing temperatures and snowpack dynamics under climate change have increased the occurrence and duration of soil temperatures that support microbial activity during plant dormancy. During these periods of microbial activity without plant activity (i.e., plant\u2010microbe asynchronies), soil nutrients that build up are vulnerable to leaching loss, with potentially important consequences for ecosystem productivity. Furthermore, asynchronies likely do not occur uniformly in space; rather, their occurrence may be modulated by subsurface characteristics. Soil texture, for example, moderates biogeochemical cycles and water holding capacity, and could mitigate or exacerbate nutrient losses during plant\u2010microbe asynchronies. Here, we quantified how climate change treatments and soil characteristics alter the synchrony of plant and microbial activity, and the associated impacts on leaching of soil nutrients\u2014carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus\u2014and cations prone to mobilization following environmental perturbation\u2014calcium, magnesium, and aluminum. To do this, we conducted a forest sapling mesocosm experiment that imposed replicated warming and snow exclusion treatments on two soils. To estimate the extent and effect of asynchrony, we measured soil temperature and plant phenology over 2\u2009years to develop an index for asynchrony duration, which we correlated with measured nutrient and cation leachate losses. We found that warming consistently increased the duration of plant\u2010microbe asynchrony, with an average increase of 25% across the experiment. Snow exclusion shortened asynchrony duration by 8% on coarse soils in the second year of the experiment. Climate treatments generally elevated nutrient losses from fine but not coarse soils during asynchronies. Longer asynchronies resulted in increased carbon, nitrogen, and magnesium losses, with variation across time, soil type, and nutrient. Our results demonstrate that longer periods of microbial activity in the absence of plant uptake generally compound nutrient losses, but the magnitude of these losses depends on soil type and individual nutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T06:59:56Z","timestamp":1755673196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Warming, Snow Exclusion, and Soil Type Alter the Timing of Plant and Soil Activity and Associated Nutrient Losses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Juice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"},{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-7481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Schaberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5362-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Kosiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vermont Extension  South Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl E.","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4908-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deane","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia N.","family":"Perdrial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geosciences University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"},{"name":"Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8567-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Carol","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"},{"name":"Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/23.8.517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021\u2010004\u20100041\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665\u2010022\u201010511\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/johh-2023-0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2011.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005947511910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540\u20109295(2005)003[0314:winnaa]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2007.0164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/WR020i006p00682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2007.01415.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli\u2010d\u201015\u20100632.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3544755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippa G. E.Cremonese M.Migliavacca et\u00a0al.2017.\u201cphenopix: Process Digital Images of a Vegetation Cover. R Package Version 2.3.1.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=phenopix.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.phenopix"},{"volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","year":"2011","author":"Fox J.","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1"},{"volume-title":"Confronting Climate Change in the US Northeast Science, Impacts, and Solutions","year":"2007","author":"Frumhoff P. C.","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10956"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/e86\u2010069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.32276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533\u2010010\u20109436\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1013024603959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2012.62.12.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0026-5_2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effects of Soil Texture on Chemical Compositions, Microbial Populations, and Carbon Mineralization in Soil","volume":"6","author":"Hamarashid N. H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382\u2010006\u20100187\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584\u2010007\u20109322\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2006.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-6112-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2011.02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533\u2010010\u20109524\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533\u2010022\u201000949\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2007.01486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201011\u20104305\u20102014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1991.03615995005500050033x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2013.12.0807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9600237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.193.4258.1126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"NOAA National Weather Service.2017.\u201cTemperature Records for Burlington International Airport.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"Pinheiro J. D.Bates S.DebRoy D.Sarkar andR Core Team.2017.\u201cnlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R Package Version 3.1\u2013131.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=nlme."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2011.03803.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040\u20106031(99)00062\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2017.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02180061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2012.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-0164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100210000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli\u2010d\u201012\u201000305.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2017.1395454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683607085599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1013072519889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02371041"},{"volume-title":"Soil Survey Manual. USDA Handbook 18","year":"2017","author":"USDA Soil Science Division Staff","key":"e_1_2_10_63_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60252a045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1295391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15\u201000099.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.08.038"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.70447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T09:24:49Z","timestamp":1760693089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.70447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.70447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.70447","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1354-1013"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2486"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70447"}}