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We investigated the effects of eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (150\u2009\u03bcmol\u2009mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    above ambient) on canopy temperature (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) dynamics of mature (&gt;\u2009175\u2009years)\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Quercus robur<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (oak) at the Birmingham Institute for Forest Research Free Air CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Enrichment (BIFoR\u2010FACE) facility in Staffordshire, England, during the growing seasons of 2021, 2022 and 2023. We employed long\u2010term, high\u2010frequency thermal infrared (TIR) imaging to measure\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Our results show that daily maximum oak\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    under eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was, on average, approximately 1.3\u00b0C higher than under ambient (aCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) conditions (21.5\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4\u00b0C for aCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    vs. 22.8\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u00b0C for eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    oaks). Moreover, daily maximum\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013air temperature (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>air<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) differences were significantly higher under eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , resulting from more frequent extreme temperature excursions. These differences appear primarily to be driven by reduced stomatal conductance under eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , which limits transpirational cooling and alters the surface energy balance. This effect was evident in the different relationship between\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>air<\/jats:sub>\n                    and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) for eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    compared to aCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , showing a reduction in transpirational cooling under high VPD. Also, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced leaf structural and anatomical modifications, such as increased leaf mass per area, may have enhanced solar radiation absorption, thereby enabling greater canopy warming under high radiation conditions. Thus, eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    could likely cause a reduction in leaf transpiration in oaks, reducing its contribution to processes such as humidification of the lower atmosphere and precipitation in local and regional climates. Our findings highlight how high CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    conditions may intensify thermal stress in temperate forests, influencing water and carbon cycles and potentially impacting forest resilience. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    will be essential for refining global Earth system models, which often use\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>air<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a proxy for\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>can<\/jats:sub>\n                    , despite the latter's direct influence on carbon and hydrological cycles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T09:27:36Z","timestamp":1762334856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Elevated\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Increases the Canopy Temperature of Mature\n                    <i>Quercus robur<\/i>\n                    (Pedunculate Oak)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Hagan Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"},{"name":"CSIR\u2010Forestry Research Institute of Ghana  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Gloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Faculty of Environment University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Fyfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Rob","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, and School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, and School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ganderton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kris","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, and School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Curioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, and School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Forest Research, Climate Change Group Northern Research Station  Roslin Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Quick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, and School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott J.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Yetton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen L.","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS) Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"},{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS) Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Fauset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2004.01224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103040.2007.01641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp\u201023\u20102145\u20102023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021rg000746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.089557"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102486.1998.00098.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1626-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"The Red List of Oaks 2020","author":"Carrero C.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpad054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100555108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jg000632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006391\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12608"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102745.13957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Fauset S. 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