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Although experiments have shown that g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreases with elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , it is unclear how g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    is responding in\u00a0situ to long\u2010term exposures to rising CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and a changing climate. Tree ring isotope analysis provides a unique method to assess tree ecophysiological responses to long\u2010term exposures of slowly changing environmental conditions. In particular, it has been suggested that changes in g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    can potentially be inferred from tree ring stable oxygen isotope ratios (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Several studies have indeed used \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    trends to conclude that g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    has not significantly changed from pre\u2010industrial values. However, it remains unclear whether \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    is sufficiently sensitive to detect the magnitude of change in g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    expected due to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increases and climatic changes. Here, we evaluate the sensitivity of \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    trends to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and climate induced changes in g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and to VPD and temperature increases since the beginning of the 20th century, using current theoretical models. We find that temporal changes in g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    only significantly affect \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    trends when the P\u00e9clet effect is present, and then only in dry climates. In contrast to the weak effects of g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    on \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    trends, we find that temporal increases in VPD and temperature, independent of changes in g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    , have far greater contributions to \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    trends. Thus, this increasingly popular method should be used with caution, because it is highly challenging to unambiguously attribute trends in \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>trc<\/jats:sub>\n                    to changes in g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Despite current limitations, we recommend how future studies can address these challenges in efforts to detect long\u2010term g\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    trends from tree ring records.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:10:18Z","timestamp":1763201418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Can Oxygen Isotopes in Tree Rings Be Used to Detect Stomatal Responses to Global Change?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1401-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imogen","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel","family":"Brienen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103040.2007.01641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20101694(83)90078\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12149"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP06228"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20103040.2000.00575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/PP99041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13943"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010003\u20101449\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20087"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103040.2007.01654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0700023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012\u2010821X(68)80054\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15899"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12703"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/25.2.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpw121"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","unstructured":"Craig H. andL.Gordon.1965.\u201cDeuterium and Oxygen 18 Variations in the Ocean and the Marine Atmosphere in: Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153\u20103490.1964.tb00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/350335a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01323099"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103040.1992.tb01657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD03410"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.13580"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","volume-title":"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020","author":"FAO","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9820121"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Stable Isotopes: Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes","author":"Farquhar G. 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