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Here, we provide a species\u2010 and spatially explicit implementation of lightning in a mechanistic forest dynamics model. We evaluated the model's ability to reproduce current\u2010day observations in a Panamanian tropical forest, and the sensitivity of model outputs to plausible changes in lightning frequency. The lightning\u2010enabled model simulated aboveground biomass (AGB), carbon flux, and stem densities that were consistent with observations. As expected, AGB declined with increasing lightning frequency. However, the magnitude of AGB decline was greatly reduced when trees were assigned empirically derived, species\u2010specific lightning tolerances. Changes in species composition weakened the sensitivity of AGB to increasing lightning: the AGB of a small number of large\u2010statured, lightning\u2010tolerant species increased with increasing lightning frequency. In addition, the effect of lightning on AGB tended to saturate at high lightning frequencies because of the combined effect of changes in size structure and composition. Specifically, the number of large, lightning\u2010susceptible trees was relatively small at high lightning frequencies. Overall, this study shows that an empirically informed representation of lightning captures the contemporary effects of lightning on forests, indicates that changes in lightning frequency will change forest AGB, species composition, and size structure, and shows that forests can partially acclimate to higher lightning frequency through changes in composition. Thus, more widespread inclusion of the lightning into global ecosystem models would be an important step toward improving simulations of forest responses to global change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T10:40:36Z","timestamp":1765190436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Compositional Acclimation Can Lessen Tropical Forest Change in Response to Increasing Lightning Frequency: Insights From Simulation Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3076-3071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Medvigy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0537-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan M.","family":"Gora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies  Millbrook New York USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Balboa Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Yanoviak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Balboa Panama"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Observations on Climatic Damage in Peat Swamp Forest in Sarawak","volume":"43","author":"Anderson J. 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