{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:36:18Z","timestamp":1787988978145,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE220100752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE220100752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Farm dams are significant methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) sources in agricultural landscapes. Fencing them to limit livestock access reduces organic matter and nutrient inputs, thereby limiting CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions. However, existing studies on the benefits of fencing are constrained by short durations, omission of ebullitive fluxes, limited spatial and temporal coverage, and small sample sizes. Here, we report a large\u2010scale, multi\u2010season assessment of total CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    (diffusive\u2009+\u2009ebullitive) and carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) fluxes from fenced and unfenced farm dams, along key environmental drivers. We monitored 113 farm dams in temperate mainland south\u2010eastern Australia over 2\u2009years, amounting to 39,552 and 45,408 hourly observations of total CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes, respectively. We integrated field\u2010measured emissions with Sentinel\u20102 indices, topo\u2010climate variables, and geostatistical models to identify flux drivers, quantify temperature sensitivity, and spatially extrapolate mitigation potential across Local Government Authorities (LGAs). We found that fencing reduced CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes by 66%\u201382% across seasons while also significantly lowering the temperature sensitivity of CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes, slowing the exponential rise in emissions under warming conditions. Specifically, CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes in fenced dams increased by 71% per 10\u00b0C warming (\n                    <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.71,\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.4\u2009eV), compared to unfenced dams increasing by 275% (\n                    <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.75,\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.98\u2009eV). CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes were driven by temperature, rainfall, and hydrological proxies (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI; Floating Algae Index, FAI), while CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes responded to rainfall and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Extrapolating our findings across the study area (~526,296\u2009km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), fencing all farm dams could cut CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes by 1.16\u20131.35 kt year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . By combining high\u2010resolution emission data with scalable management strategies, this study offers a framework to improve greenhouse gas inventories and guide targeted climate mitigation in agriculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T06:44:46Z","timestamp":1765176286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fencing the Flux: Seasonal Trends, Environmental Drivers, and Mitigation Opportunities of Methane Emissions From Farm Dams"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7483-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omosalewa","family":"Odebiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben C.","family":"Scheele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4766-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"Lindenmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8861-129X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7480-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino E.","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nature Positive Solutions, School of Science, STEM College RMIT University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"ACCU.2024.\u201cUnder the Australian Carbon Credit Unit (ACCU) Scheme All Area\u2010Based Projects Have Permanence Obligations.\u201dhttps:\/\/cer.gov.au\/schemes\/australian\u2010carbon\u2010credit\u2010unit\u2010scheme\/how\u2010to\u2010participate\/permanence\u2010obligations."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2025.109623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2024.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003456285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733\u20109372(1991)117:5(64)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010021\u201001108\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"CMI.2024.\u201cCarbon Market Institute: Integrated Farm & Land Management Method Co\u2010Design.\u201dhttps:\/\/carbonmarketinstitute.org\/integrated\u2010farm\u2010and\u2010land\u2010management\u2010method\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2017.1357911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010017\u20100063\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2024.109134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges","author":"FAO","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Fox J. andS.Weisberg.2019.\u201cUsing Car Functions in Other Functions.\u201dCRAN R."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034\u20104257(96)00067\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2024.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess\u201022\u20105281\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2654"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 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