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However, current ERW modelling efforts rely on assumptions that introduce substantial variation in CDR estimates across varying ecosystems and hydroclimatic conditions. They typically ignore or oversimplify plant\u2013soil interactions and high\u2010frequency hydrological dynamics, obscuring short\u2010term weathering responses and biotic feedbacks to soil moisture dynamics. Here, we introduce an integrated, process\u2010based modelling framework, T&amp;C\u2010SMEW, which represents ecohydrological and ERW dynamics, along with microbially explicit biogeochemical processes. We compared framework simulations against a controlled mesocosm experiment and long\u2010term field observations, demonstrating its ability to reproduce feedstock cation release, soil pH dynamics, gross primary production, and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fluxes. T&amp;C\u2010SMEW reveals hydrological constraints and vegetation effects on ERW\u2010mediated CDR by quantifying impacts on ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem exchange, and alkalinity export, emphasising the importance of ecohydrological modelling for ecosystem\u2010level CDR estimation. These advances provide a modelling framework for identifying optimal deployment scenarios to establish ERW as a viable and operationally feasible CDR approach.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:53:19Z","timestamp":1765975999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Integrated Modelling Framework to Determine Terrestrial Carbon Dioxide Removal via Enhanced Rock Weathering"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London  Ascot UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bertagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering Politecnico di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Fatichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8457-5164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie","family":"Waring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London  Ascot UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Paschalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Cyprus  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010024\u201032498\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/BG\u201017\u2010103\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ez400033d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319436121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102448\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201008429\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477\u2010018\u20100108\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024MS004224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00010717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201018\u20101287\u20102025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515\u20107620\/ABAD7B"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. 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