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This process occurs most at the oxygen\u2010anoxia interface, where microorganisms oxidize reduced inorganic substrates to obtain metabolic energy. By synthesizing 215 observations from 27 peer\u2010reviewed studies and one controlled condition study using\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C\u2010,\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C\u2010based approaches, we conducted a meta\u2010analysis to quantify DCF rates and identify their controlling factors across soils. Soils have an average DCF rate of 0.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009\u03bcg C g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    soil day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with the highest rates in wetlands (0.48\u2009\u03bcg C g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    soil day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Across all observations, microbial biomass carbon emerged as the dominant factor of DCF, while soil depth, pH, and electron donors also contributed to its variation. DCF rates increased under higher microbial biomass and moderate alkalinity but declined with depth, reflecting the influence of microbial biomass and metabolic activity as well as substrate accessibility. Hydrological regimes modulated DCF, with wetter ecosystems and stronger redox oscillations stimulating chemoautotrophic processes. Land use and management are additional factors affecting DCF intensity. The optimal pH for DCF differed by land\u2010use type, peaking at 6.9 in cropland soils and 4.8 in natural ecosystems. Agricultural management shaped DCF dynamics: tillage and mineral fertilization raised DCF rate, while organic amendments suppressed its activity. These patterns likely arise from distinct microbial CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fixation pathways, where the Calvin\u2010Benson\u2010Bassham cycle dominates under oxic and moderately alkaline conditions, and the reductive tricarboxylic acid and Wood\u2010Ljungdahl pathways prevail in anoxic environments. Overall, DCF represents an underappreciated but ecologically relevant microbial process contributing to organic carbon accrual in soil. Incorporating DCF mechanisms into terrestrial carbon models could improve the representation of microbial carbon inputs and their feedbacks to soil carbon dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T05:50:27Z","timestamp":1766814627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dark CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    fixation in soils: A meta\u2010analysis of mechanisms and controlling factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology  Wuhan 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China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient Development of Phosphorus Resources Wuhan Institute of Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaiying","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Microbial Transformation and Regulation of Biogenic Elements in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient Development of Phosphorus Resources Wuhan Institute of Technology  Wuhan 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