{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:24:08Z","timestamp":1787495048262,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["193770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["193770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Soil organic carbon (SOC) can persist from days to millennia but remains vulnerable to carbon (C) loss upon disturbances, depending on environmental conditions and mode of stabilization. Understanding drivers of persistence and vulnerability is crucial to assess soil C sequestration as well as potential SOC losses due to changes in climate and land use. Here, we investigate SOC persistence and vulnerability in five land\u2010use types by combining radiocarbon\u2010derived estimates of SOC age (system age) and age of respired CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (transit time) with indicators of biological (SOC decomposability) and thermal stability (residual oxidisable carbon content, ROC). Based on this, we developed a vulnerability index for SOC and applied it across soil profiles from 19 sites representing temperate and alpine grasslands, forests, croplands, and managed peatlands. Transit times and system ages ranged from 2\u2009years in the organic layer of forests to 5760\u2009years in subsoils of managed peatlands and varied significantly across land\u2010use types and soil depth. Transit times were generally shorter than system ages, indicating that soil\u2010respired CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is dominated by more recent inputs, while bulk SOC contains more persistent C. In forests, temperate grasslands, and croplands, system ages were positively linked to thermal stability and mineral reactivity, indicating higher SOC persistence through organo\u2010mineral stabilization. In contrast, alpine grasslands and managed peatlands showed centennial to millennial system ages despite low thermal stability (&lt;\u200910%\u2010ROC), reflecting inhibited microbial decomposition due to cold and\/or anaerobic conditions in these ecosystems. In combination with high SOC stocks (&gt;\u200990\u2009kg\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    in managed peatlands), this implies a high vulnerability of these soils to environmental disturbances that alleviate these constraints. Our findings demonstrate that combining metrics of biological and thermal stability with radiocarbon data provides a powerful framework to assess SOC vulnerability to disturbances induced by environmental change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:08:13Z","timestamp":1773767293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Radiocarbon\u2010Based Framework to Assess Soil Organic Carbon Persistence and Vulnerability Across Land\u2010Use Types"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa I.","family":"Minich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)  Birmensdorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Geological Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Beem\u2010Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict V. A.","family":"Mittelbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5110-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan","family":"Geissb\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon With AMS, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annegret","family":"Udke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)  Birmensdorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Geochronology, Department of Geography University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3005-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wasner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Biogeochemistry Laboratory EPFL Sion  Sion Switzerland"},{"name":"Soil Resources, Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5619-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaux Moreno","family":"Duborgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)  Birmensdorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Geological Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciriaco","family":"McMackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geochronology, Department of Geography University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Brunmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Wacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Gautschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Haghipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Egli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geochronology, Department of Geography University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Leifeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate and Agriculture Group Agroscope  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5060-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy I.","family":"Eglinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Hagedorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)  Birmensdorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.107912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u20102017\u2010187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100328\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JG006119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Radiocarbon Constraints Reveal Time Scales of Soil Carbon Persistence","author":"Beem\u2010Miller J. 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