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However, the drivers behind this unprecedented rise remain poorly understood. Here, we employed a machine\u2010learning approach integrating satellite\u2010derived gross primary productivity (GPP) and climatic data to estimate the 2024 land sink (S\n                    <jats:sub>LAND<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) at approximately 2.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25 GtC year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which had a striking decline of 1.01 GtC year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    compared to the 2014\u20132023 average. The reduction in S\n                    <jats:sub>LAND<\/jats:sub>\n                    , most pronounced in tropical regions, contributed ~50% to the 2024 CGR increase\u2014a larger impact than that of fossil fuel emissions or ocean sinks. Moreover, using partial least squares structural equation modelling, we further explained the underlying mechanism for the reduction of the S\n                    <jats:sub>LAND<\/jats:sub>\n                    in 2024, which was caused by hotter and drier conditions leading to a larger increase in respiration than photosynthesis. Our findings underscore the urgent need to investigate the mechanisms behind the declining carbon sink amid persistent global greening. These results challenge previous assumptions about the long\u2010term stability of the terrestrial carbon sink and highlight society's growing dependence on adaptive strategies to mitigate climate warming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1775104629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Respiration\u2010Induced Weakening of Land Sink Contributed to the Largest\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Increase in 2024"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Chaoya","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF\u2010CSIC\u2010UAB  Bellaterra Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"CREAF  Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ciais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Des Sciences du Climat et de L'environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ  Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingfeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space University of New Hampshire  Durham New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8867-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production\/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"284","article-title":"The Partial Least Squares Approach to Causal Modeling: Personal Computer Adoption and Use as an Illustration","volume":"2","author":"Barclay D. 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S.Pandey K.Bowman K.Miyazaki andJ.Liu.2025.\u201cUnprecedented Role of Amazon Fires in the Record Atmospheric CO2Growth in 2024.\u201dAuthorea Preprints.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22541\/essoar.175874118.83695562\/v1.","DOI":"10.22541\/essoar.175874118.83695562\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GB003521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010024\u201002501\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd\u201012\u20102725\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010025\u201002296\u2010z"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.70831","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gcb.70831","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.70831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:30:06Z","timestamp":1782466206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.70831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.70831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.70831","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70831"}}