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Among factors contributing to declining N availability, climate\u2010driven changes in soil hydrology could force N loss via the emission of both nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O); however, forecasting these losses is challenging because they are regulated by soil moisture, a factor that regulates microbial activity and substrate availability but varies significantly across space and time. Here, we ask: how do topography\u2010driven soil moisture gradients and changes in seasonality (e.g., spring\u2013thaw cycles) mediate hillslope\u2010scale N emissions? We measured over 2\u2009years of high\u2010resolution in\u00a0situ NO and N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O fluxes from 16 automated chambers deployed along a topographic gradient in a temperate forest to show that soil moisture gradients governed spatial and temporal patterns of soil N emissions. These gradients produced tradeoffs in process controls, whereby temperature regulated N emissions in drier upper positions, giving way to soil moisture regulating microbial pathways and emissions in wetter downslope positions. We then used these relationships among soil moisture, temperature, and N availability to develop models for predicting hillslope\u2010scale NO\u2009+\u2009N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O losses. Annual emissions averaged 0.2\u2009kg NO\u2010N\u2009ha\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n (range: 0.1\u20130.3) and 1.0\u2009kg N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\u2010N\u2009ha\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n (range: 0.7\u20134.9), with N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O showing a stronger response to moisture\u2010driven changes than NO. The spring freeze\u2013thaw period accounted for 15%\u201326% of NO and 24%\u201358% of N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O annual emissions, with the highest emissions measured consistently at lower topographic positions. These findings establish topography\u2010mediated hydrology as a primary control of forest soil N dynamics and gaseous N emissions, reducing uncertainty in forecasts of hillslope\u2010scale N losses under a changing climate.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:26:22Z","timestamp":1776493582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Topography\u2010Mediated Soil Moisture Controls Forest Hillslope\u2010Scale\n NO<\/scp>\n and\n \n N\n 2<\/sub>\n O\n <\/scp>\n Emissions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China"},{"name":"Department of 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