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However, its long\u2010term response to fertilisation remains unclear. Using the 180\u2010year Broadbalk Experiment (the world's longest\u2010running fertilisation trial; Rothamsted, UK), combined with\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C labelling and metagenomics, we identified fundamentally distinct mechanisms of SOC accumulation: a microbially mediated dual pathway under organic fertilisation versus a resource\u2010limited pathway under inorganic fertilisation. Sustained organic inputs matched inorganic fertilisers in maintaining crop yields while increasing total SOC by 160% (relative to a no\u2010fertilisation control), far exceeding the 26% gain under inorganic fertilisation. Mechanistically, the continuous supply of labile organic matter provided an energetic surplus, allowing copiotrophic microbial communities with high carbon use efficiency to reduce investment in energy\u2010intensive enzyme synthesis. This metabolic efficiency facilitated a dual\u2010pathway expansion, elevating dynamic particulate organic carbon (POC) from 1.4 to 7.5\u2009g\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , while microbial assimilation and necromass accumulation concurrently increased mineral\u2010associated organic carbon (MAOC) from 6.8 to 21.5\u2009g\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Conversely, inorganic fertilisation induced an oligotrophic \u2018mining\u2019 strategy, in which microorganisms upregulated the degradation of complex organic matter under carbon\u2010limited conditions, restricting sustained SOC accumulation primarily to the MAOC pool. A global meta\u2010analysis of field experiments (0\u2013120\u2009years) corroborated these temporal trajectories across diverse soil types, showing that SOC under organic fertilisation increases in a time\u2010dependent manner, reaching a 77% gain after 80\u2009years (three\u2010fold greater than under inorganic inputs). Overall, organic fertilisation enhances total SOC via POC and MAOC accumulation, whereas inorganic fertilisation mainly increases MAOC. Long\u2010term SOC persistence depends not only on carbon inputs, but also on microbial community traits and necromass dynamics, suggesting that aligning nutrient inputs with these biological mechanisms is critical for sustainable carbon sequestration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:23:08Z","timestamp":1778052188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microbial Community Traits and Necromass Dynamics Shape Soil Carbon Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2252-2815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wankun","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Control and Safety Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural 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