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In this study, we sought to determine the strength and influential timescales of key environmental drivers governing unusually high daily gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R\n                    <jats:sub>eco<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) across diverse ecosystems in the western USA. We obtained CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux data from 14 AmeriFlux eddy covariance flux tower sites (11\u201322\u2009years\/site) across the western USA to understand the drivers of extreme CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sinks (extreme GPP) and sources (extreme R\n                    <jats:sub>eco<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). To account for seasonality, we defined extreme sink and source states as those GPP and R\n                    <jats:sub>eco<\/jats:sub>\n                    values exceeding a site\u2010level 95th quantile spline regression. We assembled environmental covariates computed across multiple timescales (day, week, month, year), including temperature, vapor pressure deficit, short\u2010wave radiation, soil moisture, and precipitation, along with site\u2010level characteristics (e.g., mean annual precipitation [MAP]). We used random forest classification models to evaluate the importance of different covariates for identifying extreme versus \u201cnominal\u201d fluxes. Patterns of large, but infrequent precipitation events over the preceding month were key positive drivers of the probability of both extreme sinks and sources, and the importance of such precipitation \u201cpackaging\u201d was 16.5 times greater under water limitation (low MAP). We also found climate timescales interacted hierarchically: historical, long\u2010term climate and conditions over the past month and\/or year establish baseline ecosystem resource limitation (water or light limitation), within which short\u2010term interactions\u2014such as compounding events and event duration\u2014operate to influence extreme fluxes. Preceding\u2010month temperature and preceding\u2010year variation in shortwave radiation had climate\u2010specific influences, particularly in high MAT sites and in Mediterranean sites, respectively. Our results indicate the evolution of extreme carbon fluxes with climate change, including the likelihood of increased occurrence of extreme carbon flux states in response to increasing hydroclimate volatility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:30:42Z","timestamp":1779186642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Drivers of Extreme Carbon Sources and Sinks Across Diverse Ecosystems in the Western USA"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3187-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlee","family":"York","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Strange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew","family":"Peltier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrett J.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0652-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiona","family":"Ogle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2008.01716.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2259350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Blanken P. 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