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Today, concerns about their role as significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) have sparked growing interest in peatland rewetting as a climate mitigating strategy. However, empirical evidence for rewetting effects on ecosystem carbon (C) and GHG balances is still limited, particularly for minerogenic boreal peatland forests. Rewetting of peatland forests also involves decisions about tree harvest, which can have important but understudied consequences for the C cycle. In this study, we quantified tree growth and estimated carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) fluxes in both peatland areas and ditches over 2\u2009years before (2019\u20132020) and after (2021\u20132022) rewetting a low\u2010productive, minerogenic peatland forest in boreal Sweden. We also assessed effects of tree removal during rewetting by comparing harvest and non\u2010harvest areas. Our results suggest that the peatland forest was, on average, C\u2010neutral at the ecosystem\u2010scale during the drained years. After rewetting, the harvested area became a C source (79\u2009g C m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), while the treed area acted as a small C sink (\u221224\u2009g C m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), with the difference due to diverging responses in net CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exchange. Furthermore, CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions doubled after rewetting, resulting in a two\u2010 to threefold increase in total GHG emissions (expressed in CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    equivalents) over both 20\u2010 and 100\u2010year timeframes. While ditches functioned as significant CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sinks and moderate CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    sources during the drained years, they became CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010neutral and CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emission hotspots after being infilled. Altogether, our findings suggest that rewetting low\u2010productive boreal peatland forests may have a negative short\u2010term climate impact. However, rewetting without tree harvest considerably meliorates ecosystem C and GHG balances. Overall, our study highlights the importance of tree harvesting decisions and the need for a deeper understanding of rewetting as a climate mitigation strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:51:47Z","timestamp":1780483907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tree Harvest Decisions Modulate the Climate Impact of Rewetting in a Low\u2010Productive Peatland Forest in Boreal Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6317-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e4rvi","family":"J\u00e4rveoja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Pinkwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-4040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheuk Hei Marcus","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Agroecology (Climate and Water) Aarhus University  Tjele Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2176-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6058-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hjalmar","family":"Laudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9940-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Peichl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats B.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201012\u20102101\u20102015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Casselg\u00e5rd M.2020.\u201cEffects of 100\u2009Years of Drainage on Peat Properties in a Drained Peatland Forests in Northern Sweden.\u201d Vol. 2020:4 Second cycle A2E SLU Dept. of Forest Ecology and Management.https:\/\/stud.epsilon.slu.se\/15685\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021\u2010014\u20109791\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2024.2351969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","article-title":"Biomass and Nutrient Cycle in Fertilized and Unfertilized Pine, Mixed Birch and Pine and Spruce Stands on a Drained Mire","volume":"208","author":"Fin\u00e9r L.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Forestalia Fennica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/a11\u2010014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026573727311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201015499\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201012\u20104739\u20102015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands","author":"Hiraishi T.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Hyv\u00f6nen N. 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