{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:45:29Z","timestamp":1791445529110,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021251","name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021251","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Global analyses of leaf size suggest that large leaves predominate in favourably warm and wet climates, and small leaves occur at climatic extremes. However, these patterns are dominated by data from angiosperms and may obscure drivers of leaf size variation in older, less speciose groups, such as conifers. Here we employ a novel modelling framework, multi\u2010response phylogenetic mixed models (MRPMM), that identifies trait correlations at both phylogenetic and phylogenetically independent levels to investigate how climate influences leaf size evolution across conifers. We show overall patterns for all conifers and focus on three groups with distinctive leaf architectures: scale\u2010leaved Cupressaceae, needle\u2010leaved\n                    <jats:italic>Pinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and broad\u2010leaved\n                    <jats:italic>Podocarpus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We found moderate to strong phylogenetic signal in conifer leaf and climate niche traits. Phylogenetic relationships explained most of the association between leaf size and climate, with temperature revealed as a stronger driver than dry season precipitation, indicating deep\u2010time co\u2010evolutionary associations. These patterns reflect trade\u2010offs associated with leaf hydraulic architecture under contrasting selection pressures. In single\u2010veined leaves, lateral water transport and thus leaf width is constrained, yet this narrow leaf form can be advantageous for survival under climatic extremes such as drought and freezing. In contrast, anatomical innovations (like accessory transfusion tissue in\n                    <jats:italic>Podocarpus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) allow for broader leaves which are favourable in competitive environments, while also potentially making leaves more vulnerable to climate extremes. Our results support previous evidence for phylogenetic niche conservatism in conifers, where species tend to track their ancestral climatic preferences rather than adapting to new environments. This conservatism, likely controlled by leaf hydraulic architecture, results in strong evolutionary constraints on current bioclimatic distributions and potential responses to changing climates in conifers. This study also highlights the importance of considering phylogenetic impacts on functional trait evolution, especially in evolutionarily conservative groups like conifers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:34:49Z","timestamp":1782750889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leaf Size in Conifers: Global Associations With Climate and Evolutionary History"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0442-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya I.","family":"Bandow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4964-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Brodribb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2033-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Halliwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-8365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilda J. M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew  Richmond UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2009.01342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcaf174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9650-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2010.03439.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1989.tb00492.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP10010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469\u20108137.1999.00446.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/si.0081024X.95.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2007.02338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.101352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2004.01259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.13363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2024.109993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16904"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005571117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2011.03862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2012.04298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jse.13000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13571"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/boaa106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"Earle C. 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